Difficulties in reading and language skills which persist from childhood into adult life are the concerns of this article. The aims were twofold: (1) to find measures of adult reading processes that validate adults' retrospective reports of difficulties in learning to read during the school years, and (2) to search for indications of basic deficits in phonological processing that may point toward underlying causes of reading difficulties. Adults who reported a history of difficulties in learning to read (n=102) were distinctly disabled in phonological coding in reading, compared to adults without similar histories (n=56). They were less disabled in the comprehension of written passages, and the comprehension disability was explained by the phonological difficulties. A number of indications were found that adults with poor phonological coding skills in reading (i.e., dyslexia) have basic deficits in phonological representations of spoken words, even when semantic word knowledge, phonemic awareness, educational level, and daily reading habits are taken into account. It is suggested that dyslexics possess less distinct phonological representations of spoken words.
The crystal orientation distribution function of polycrystalline materials, i.e. the texture,
may exhibit internal symmetries due to symmetries of the production steps, or more generally,
to the whole materials history. The “sharpness” of such symmetries can be quantified
in terms of various symmetry parameters. If the symmetries of subsequent production
processes are different, e.g. of sheet rolling and deep drawing, then these symmetries may
still be recognized in the final texture. In the same way also similarities of textures and
properties of different materials can be quantified. Symmetry parameters have many
practical applications. Examples of that are the determination of rolling direction corrections,
determination of the “plastic spin”, estimation of coarse-grained materials, or
finding the “correct” (symmetry adapted) axis system in a material.
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