The use of endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) in the management of pancreaticobiliary disease in children is increasing. However, studies of long-term outcomes are limited in pediatric patients. Therefore, this study evaluated the early adverse events and long-term outcomes following EST in pediatric patients. We retrospectively analyzed data from 198 pediatric patients who underwent ESTs at Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital between 1994 and 2013. The median age was 8.7 years (range 18 months to17 years). We evaluated the indications, success rates, early adverse events, and long-term outcomes. Long-term information was available in 198 patients with a median follow-up duration of 42 months (range, 1.8 - 232.1 months). Early adverse events (< 30 days) following 294 ESTs among 198 patients included pancreatitis in 17 (5.7 %), hemorrhages in 6 (2.0 %), sepsis in 3 (1.0 %), and perforations in 2 (0.7 %). Long-term complications ( > 30 days) developed in 12 patients (6.1 %), including cholangitis with or without bile duct stone (n = 7), and minor papilla restenosis (n = 5). The cumulative incidence rates of long-term complications were 3.1 %, 6.1 %, 9.3 %, and 9.3 %, at 1, 5, 10, and 15 years. There were no procedure-related pancreaticobiliary malignancies or deaths. All adverse events and long-term complications improved with appropriate management. In pediatric patients with pancreaticobiliary disease, EST has a high level of technical success. In addition, pediatric EST showed low rates of early adverse events and long-term complications, which could be managed safely. Our results suggest that EST is a safe method for treating pancreaticobiliary disease, even in the pediatric population.

Purpose: This study was done to identify the time interval to pressure ulcer and to determine the optimal time interval for position change depending on pressure ulcer risk in patients using foam mattress in intensive care units. Methods: The Braden scale score, occurrence of pressure ulcers and position change intervals were assessed with 56 patients admitted to an intensive care unit from April to November, 2011. The time to pressure ulcer occurrence by Braden scale risk group was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log rank test. Then, the optimal time interval for position change was calculated with ROC curve. Results: The median time to pressure ulcer occurrence was 5 hours at mild or moderate risk, 3.5 hours at high risk and 3 hours at very high risk on the Braden scale. The optimal time interval for position change was 3 hours at mild and moderate risk, 2 hours at high and very high risk of Braden scale. Conclusion: When foam mattresses are used a slight extension of the time interval for position change can be considered for the patients with mild or moderate pressure ulcer risk but not for patients with high or very high pressure ulcer risk by Braden scale.

Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is a significant advancement for the treatment of children with end‐stage liver disease given the shortage of deceased donors. The ultimate goal of pediatric LDLT is to achieve complete donor safety and zero recipient mortality. We conducted a retrospective, single‐center assessment of the outcomes as well as the clinical factors that may influence graft and patient survival after primary LDLTs performed between 1994 and 2020. A Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate analyses. The trends for independent prognostic factors were analyzed according to the following treatment eras: 1, 1994 to 2002; 2, 2003 to 2011; and 3, 2012 to 2020. Primary LDLTs were performed on 287 children during the study period. Biliary atresia (BA; 52%), acute liver failure (ALF; 26%), and monogenic liver disease (11%) were the leading indications. There were 45 graft losses (16%) and 27 patient deaths (7%) in this population during the study period. During era 1 (n = 81), the cumulative survival rates at 1 and 5 years after LDLT were 90.1% and 81.5% for patients and 86.4% and 77.8% for grafts, respectively. During era 2 (n = 113), the corresponding rates were 92.9% and 92% for patients and 89.4% and 86.7% for grafts, respectively. During era 3 (n = 93), the corresponding rates were 100% and 98.6% for patients and 98.9% and 95.4% for grafts, respectively. In the multivariate analyses, primary diagnosis ALF, bloodstream infection, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, and chronic rejection were found to be negative prognostic indicators for patient survival. Based on generalized care guidelines and center‐oriented experiences, comprehensive advances in appropriate donor selection, refinement of surgical techniques, and meticulous medical management may eventually realize a zero‐mortality rate in pediatric LDLT.