The facial artery is the main artery supplying blood to the face and is known to have facial branches of the inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal and angular arteries.These known major branches of facial artery run medially, however, there are sometimes branches of the facial artery heading laterally. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the lateral branches of the facial artery in face. We dissected facial branches of the facial artery in 74 cadaveric hemifaces. We investigated the presence of the lateral branches of the facial artery. Following parameters were investigated: lateral branch presence, the location of its origin, and the lateral branch diameter.
The frontal sinus is one of the four paranasal sinuses in humans, and knowledge of its anatomy is important when performing surgery involving the frontal bone or sinus. Although many studies have measured the frontal sinus using radiography and computed tomography (CT), few studies have evaluated by using three-dimensional (3D) analysis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the frontal sinus using 3D reconstruction analysis and determine the differences in linear and volumetric measurements between sexes, sides, and ages. The sample comprised 281 facial CT scans: 173 and 108 from males and females, respectively. The width, height, and length of each frontal sinus and total volume were all larger in males than in females. Almost all linear and volumetric measurements were larger in young adults than in older for both sexes, but not all of the differences were statistically significant. Linear and volumetric measurements were larger for males than females regardless of age group. There were no statistically significant differences between the right and left sides except the width in males. The size of the frontal sinus was strongly influenced by sex and age. The measurements reported here might be useful for improving surgical procedures involving the frontal sinus.
The seminal vesicles are a pair of male reproductive glands located between the urinary bladder and rectum (Reddy and Verma, 2014) that produce a significant proportion of the semen fluid. This fluid contains fructose, proteins, enzymes and vitamins, and these nutrients provide the energy to the spermatozoa stored in semen (Ernst et al., 2011). Embryologically, the seminal vesicles are first observed in mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts in the 13th week of fetal life (
Background: The elevator muscles of the upper lip are the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, levator labii superioris, and zygomaticus minor muscles, which function by means of their insertions into the skin of the upper lip. However, many textbooks and journal articles state that no muscle fibers are present on the orbicularis oris muscle in the upper lip. The authors attempted to determine whether there is a superficial muscle layer in addition to the orbicularis oris muscle in the upper lip. Methods: The authors performed gross dissections of 10 formalin-fixed cadavers and applied micro–computed tomography to six formalin-fixed cadavers. The fine dissection of the upper lip was performed in a layer-by-layer manner that elucidated its muscle layers. The entire layer of the upper lip was separated and pretreated with phosphotungstic acid for micro–computed tomography. The samples used for micro–computed tomography were repurposed for use in histologic analysis. An ultrasonography study was also performed. Results: The presence of a muscle layer on the orbicularis oris muscle was confirmed in all samples. The elevator muscle fibers of the upper lip formed a layer by combining with connective tissue. Micro–computed tomography indicated lower terminal insertions of the elevator muscles throughout the upper lip. All parts of the upper lip skin were inserted into the orbicularis oris muscle. The histologic findings were similar to those of micro–computed tomography. Conclusion: The authors’ findings could be used to improve aesthetic and surgical procedures performed on the upper lip, such as correction of gummy smile and transverse upper labial crease, or postresection reconstruction of the upper lip.
The present study is to identify primarily the morphological characteristics in the growth proportion of the head and face for young Korean (8~24 years) and compare the magnitude of growth changes to the sex-related differences. Total 1,255 were divided into 3 age groups: childhood (8~10 years), adolescence (14~16 years), and young adult (20~24 years). The anthropometric assessments were performed with 11 landmarks on the head and facial dimensions. The standardized frontal and lateral head and face photographs were analyzed the craniofacial growth proportions and morphological features for the comparison of both sexes. The noteworthy differences of anthropometric measurements between sexes with growing were noted on the lower head height (22.6%, 17.8%), midface height (22.0%, 19.6%), lower face height (23.5%, 14.7%), and face length (21.1%, 14.9%), face breadth (14.8%, 11.3%) of males and females, respectively. Whereas the upper head height (7.9%, 6.0%) and upper face height (4.2%, 0%, respectively) were less growing features. The most remarkable changes are the dimension of midface height and lower face height in both sexes. The present study could demonstrate a fundamental example to elucidate the sex-related dimensional differences for the analysis of the growth proportion of both sexes in Koreans.
The aims of this study were to clarify the extra‐ and intramuscular branching patterns of the tensor fasciae latae (TFL) with reference to surface landmarks on the thigh and to thus suggest a safe approach for total hip arthroplasty. Sixteen fixed and four fresh cadavers were dissected and subjected to the modified Sihler's staining method to reveal the extra‐ and intramuscular innervation patterns, and the findings were matched with surface landmarks. The landmarks were measured from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the patella and divided into 20 parts along the total length. The average vertical length of the TFL was 15.92 ± 1.61 cm, which was 38.79 ± 2.73% when converted to a percentage. The entry point of the superior gluteal nerve (SGN) was an average of 6.87 ± 1.26 cm (16.71 ± 2.55%) from the ASIS. In all cases, the SGN entered parts 3–5 (10.1%–25%). As the intramuscular nerve branches traveled distally, they had a tendency to innervate more deeply and inferiorly. In all cases, the main SGN branches were intramuscularly distributed in parts 4 and 5 (15.1%–25%). Most tiny SGN branches were found inferiorly in parts 6 and 7 (25.1%–35%). In three of 10 cases, very tiny SGN branches were observed in part 8 (35.1%–38.79%). We did not observe SGN branches in parts 1–3 (0%–15%). When information on the extra‐ and intramuscular nerve distributions was combined, we found that the nerves were concentrated in parts 3–5 (10.1%–25%). We propose that damage to the SGN can be prevented if parts 3–5 (10.1%–25%) are avoided during surgical treatment, particularly during the approach and incision.
This present study was designed to visualize the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) space and investigate the spreading patterns of the agent in the SLN space using three-dimensional (3D) micro-computed tomography (CT), histologic study, and cadaveric evaluation. Thirteen non-embalmed human cadavers were used in this study. Micro-CT images of the larynx and the surrounding structures were obtained, and 3D images were reconstructed. The structure of the SLN space was verified via histological examination and manual dissection. To evaluate anatomical findings, 1 and 3 mL of dye were injected into the SLN space with unilateral or midline approach under ultrasound guidance, and the dye spreading patterns were investigated. Micro-CT and histological findings revealed that the SLN space was delimited between the infrahyoid muscle groups anteriorly and the thyroid membrane attached closely to the pretracheal fascia posteriorly. The ipsilateral internal branch of the SLN was fully stained by injecting 1 mL of dye unilaterally and furthermore, the ipsilateral external branch and recurrent laryngeal nerve were also frequently involved when 3 mL of the dye was used. A single injection of 3 mL dye through the midline approach was sufficient to involve internal branches of the SLN of both sides. The SLN space should be an anatomical target for the internal branch of the SLN block. In addition, this space provides potential pathways for the spread of injectate to the adjacent nerves that innervate the airway.
BackgroundCombined suprascapular and axillary nerve block could be an analgesic option for shoulder pain control. The current description of this technique requires performing the block procedures at two different sites without consideration for catheter placement. We hypothesized that a single site injection to the interfascial plane between the infraspinatus and teres minor would result in an injectate spread to the suprascapular and axillary nerves.MethodsWe performed 10 injections with this approach using 25 mL dye solution in 10 shoulders of five unembalmed cadavers. Also, we described three case reports, two single-injection cases and one catheter-placement case, using this approach in patients with acute postsurgical pain and chronic pain in their shoulder region.ResultsIn cadaveric evaluations, dye spreading to the suprascapular nerves on the infraspinatus fossa and the spinoglenoid notch cephalad and axillary nerves in the quadrilateral space caudally were observed in all injections. In addition, the most posterolateral part of the joint capsule was stained in 8 out of 10 injections. There was no dye spreading on the nerves to the subscapularis or lateral pectoral nerves. Clinically successful analgesia with no adverse events was achieved in all three cases.ConclusionOur anatomical and clinical observations demonstrated that an injection to the interfascial plane between the infraspinatus and teres minor consistently achieved injectate spreading to both suprascapular and axillary nerves, which innervate the glenohumeral joint.
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