Ischemia/reperfusion injury triggers acute kidney injury (AKI) by aggravating oxidative stress mediated mitochondria dysfunction. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a master player that regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and the antioxidant response. We postulated that PGC-1α functions as cytoprotective effector in renal cells and that its regulation mechanism is coordinated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2). In this study, to understand the effect and molecular mechanisms of PGC-1α, we developed an empty vector or PGC-1α-overexpressing stable cell lines in HK-2 cells (Mock or PGC-1α stable cells). PGC-1α overexpression increased the viability of cells affected by H2O2 mediated injury, protected against H2O2-mediated apoptotic events and inhibited reactive oxygen species accumulation in the cytosol and mitochondria as compared to that in Mock cells. The cytoprotective effect of PGC-1α was related to Nrf-2 upregulation, which was counteracted by Nrf-2-specific knockdown. Using inhibitor of p38, we found that regulation of the p38/glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)/Nrf-2 axis was involved in the protective effects of PGC-1α. Taken together, we suggest that PGC-1α protects human renal tubule cells from H2O2-mediated apoptotic injury by upregulating Nrf-2 via GSK3β inactivation mediated by activated p38.
SUMMARY: A control system is presented that uses a fuzzy algorithm in controlling the depth of a midwater trawl net, and field experiments carried out on the training ship Kaya of Pukyong National University. The fuzzy controller calculates the length of the warp to be changed, based on the depth error between the desired depth and actual depth of the trawl net and the change ratio in the depth error. The error and the error change are calculated every sampling time. Then the control input (i.e. desirable length of the warp) is determined by inference from the linguistic control rules which an experienced captain or navigator uses in controlling the depth of the trawl net during manual operation. The control input is then transmitted to the trawl winch controller and the length of the warp is changed. The results of these field experiments indicate that this proposed fuzzy controller rapidly follows the desired depth without steady‐state error although the desired depth was given in one step, and shows robustness properties against changes in the parameters such as the change of towing speed. The suitability to practical operation of the fuzzy controller designed in this study is fully proved throughout the sea trials.
This study focused on the efficiency improvement and acoustic noise reduction of brushless DC (BLDC) motors by reducing current harmonics using a novel BLDC commutation method. To achieve these goals, we designed an improved 150° commutation method for a three-phase permanent magnet BLDC motor that can improve the current waveform. Although the 120° commutation method is generally employed for BLDC motors, an improved 150° commutation method is introduced to operate the BLDC with increased efficiency and acoustic noise similar to a brushless AC motor. This study investigated the attributes of various commutation methods, both theoretically and experimentally, to determine the optimal commutation method. The results of this study indicate that the improved 150° commutation method is optimal in terms of harmonic attributes and reduced torque ripple, allowing it to improve motor efficiency and reduce acoustic noise.
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