The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) is the warmest ocean enclosed by 28°C of sea surface temperature (SST) in the Indian and western Pacific Ocean (Clement et al., 2005). The IPWP plays a key role as a heat engine of global climate due to its enormous evaporation, convection, and vast latent heat release to the atmosphere (De Deckker, 2016). It also contributes to regional hydrological cycles, including the Asian monsoon (Annamalai
An increasing number of studies have examined the dependence of sub-daily extreme rainfall intensity on the surface air temperature, so-called extreme precipitation-temperature (EP-T) scaling as reviewed by Fowler et al. ( 2021). The scaling rates identified in the observations were found to be larger than the theoretical limit of the Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) relation, suggesting disproportionate intensification of sub-daily precipitation extremes in a warmer condition. Several observational studies confirmed this short-term EP-T relationship over various regions:
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