A ny material (organic or inorganic), applied to soil to provide one or more essential plant nutrients is called fertilizer (Vidya and Lakshmi, 2014). Weeds are one of the overlooked natural resources that can support and help to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. The addition of compost to salt-affected soil improved the soil properties including soil porosity water holding capacity, improved nutritional status, bulk density, soil pH s , EC e and SAR (Zaka et al., 2018;Wright et al., 2007).Aquatic weed, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) grows at an alarming rate and float freely on rivers, ponds, lakes etc. (Lata and Veenapani, 2011). Due to its harmful effects on people's livelihoods and water bodies, it is known as the most obnoxious weed in the world (Wilson et al., 2005;Singh and Bishnoi, 2013). Attempts made to control this weed through different means like biological, physical and chemicals have met with little success (Abdelsabour, 2010). Nonetheless, different researchers presented the idea to obtain the benefits from this aquatic weed rather than seeing it as a rogue plant (Anjanabha and Abstract | Composting the unwanted aquatic weeds for supply of essential plant nutrients and improving the health of salt-affected soil is a simpler technique. Therefore, present research work was carried out to appraise the efficacy of water hyacinth compost as an ameliorant for improving the deteriorated properties of saline-sodic soil. Treatments included were; T 1 , control, T 2 , gypsum @ 100 % GR, T 3 , gypsum @ 50 % of GR, T 4 , hyacinth compost @ 15 t ha -1 , T 5 , gypsum @ 50 % of GR + hyacinth compost @ 5 t ha -1 , T 6 , gypsum @ 50 % of GR + hyacinth compost @ 10 t ha -1 , T 7 , gypsum @ 50 % of GR + hyacinth compost @ 15 t ha -1 . At start of study, soil had pH s (pH of soil saturated past) = 8.91, SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) = 44.24, EC e (electrical conductivity of soil extract) = 5.02 (dS m -1 ), GR (gypsum requirement) = 10.18 (t ha -1 ), BD (bulk density) = 1.66 (Mg m -3 ), HC (hydraulic conductivity) = 0.35 (cm hr -1 ). Rice and wheat, crops were grown in the rotation. Data analysis showed that gypsum and hyacinth compost remarkably improved the soil SAR, pH s , EC e , BD, HC, growth and yield characteristics of rice and wheat crops, however at the same time use of gypsum and hyacinth compost in combination proved more superior to their sole application. Hyacinth compost @ 10 and 15 t ha -1 with gypsum @ 50 % of GR performed equally in all studied parameters of rice and wheat crops and soil properties. Therefore, integrated use of gypsum @ 50 % of GR + hyacinth compost @ 10 t ha -1 , seem as economical and a potential agro-ecological strategy for improving the deteriorated properties of saline-sodic soil and crop production.
This article presents theoretical and empirical underpinnings between job designs and employees’ work motivation in banking sector of Multan city, Pakistan. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design in which 362 employees participated through simple random sampling technique. The findings of the study revealed that female employees are more motivated towards their jobs than male employees. Moreover, job characteristics and job rotation are high among senior bank employees having experience greater than 12 years. The study concluded that job enrichment is the highest influential factor in determining employees work motivation while quality of work life is negatively influencing their enthusiasm level towards job. In the wake of new technological transformations, academic insight into the current work would further guide the policy makers for designing the jobs for banking sector through decentralization of managerial powers, changing in accordance with the global trends, as well as applying autonomous, mastery oriented and purposely directed policies.
Phosphorus is an indispensable macronutrient for sustaining plant growth. According to Alam et al. (2009) maximum yield potential of a crop cannot be achieved without supply of optimum dose of phosphorus. Phosphorus plays a critical role in plant root system, flowering, uniform grain filling, seed maturity, regulation of metabolic pathways, photosynthates and enzymatic activities (Bhattacharyya and Jain, 2000).
In Pakistan, orchards are irrigated using flood irrigation system that is considered sub-economical regarding water use efficiency. Considering the importance of natural water resources, there was a need to devise the method of applying irrigation water that would save water consumption, environmentally friendly and easily adopted by the growers. Thus, a research trial was conducted at Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha, Pakistan on 0.41 ha area of Kinnow mandarin. The total area was divided into two parts, half of the area was used for furrow irrigation system and the remaining half was used for flood irrigation system. Tensiometers were installed in the soil in furrow and flood irrigation system to assess the moisture condition in the soil. Irrigations were applied when tensiometer readings reached 40 centibars. The quantity of water used for irrigation was measured with a flume meter and then percentage of water saving was calculated. The study revealed that furrow irrigation system significantly improved the number of fruits per tree (1153), fruit yield (179.89 kg per plant) and juice percentage (48.38%) compared with flood irrigation system where the number of fruits per tree were711, fruit yield was 110.61 kg per plant and juice percentage was 46.31%. However, TSS/acidity ratio, and peel and rag percentage were not affected by the different irrigation systems. In furrow irrigation system 24 irrigations were applied per year with average water saving of 46.14% and water use efficiency (WUE) was 4.58 kg m-3 whereas in flood irrigation system average numbers of irrigations were 15 per year and WUE was 2.34 kg m-3only. Therefore, furrow irrigation system is recommended for the citrus growers to improve the water use efficiency, yield and fruit quality of Kinnow mandarin.
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