Boreal ecosystem is dominated by vast forests, wetlands, and lakes encircling the northern hemisphere including Canada, Scandinavia, Russia, and China. The dominant plants in the boreal forest are cold-tolerant and fire-adapted conifer trees (pines, spruces, larches, fir), deciduous trees (maples, aspen, poplar), tall shrubs (mountain ash, pin cherry, alder, hazel), dwarf shrubs, grasses, and ground species such as ferns, mosses, and lichen. In the United States and Canada, the boreal forest refers to the more southerly biome, while taiga refers to treeless barren areas of the northernmost part of the biome close to the tree line and the tundra biome.
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