Pigeon haemoproteosis caused by Haemoproteus columbae (Apicomplexa: Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) is globally prevalent in rock doves (Columba livia), although little is known regarding this disease in pigeons and doves in Indonesia. Blood samples of 35 farmed domestic pigeons (C. livia f. domestica) from four localities in Yogyakarta Special Region, Central Java, Indonesia, were collected from March to June, 2016, subjected to a hemogram, and analyzed for the presence of hemoprotozoan infections. Microscopic examination of blood smears revealed a prevalence of 62.5–100% of H. columbae at the four localities (n = 8–10 for each locality), and geometric means of 3.0–5.6% of erythrocytes were parasitized by young and mature gametocytes, suggesting that all infected pigeons were in the chronic phase of infection with repeated recurrences and/or reinfections. Nucleotide sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cytb) for haemosporidian species demonstrated the distribution of four major cytb lineages of H. columbae (mainly HAECOL1, accompanied by COLIV03, COQUI05, and CXNEA02 according to the MalAvi database). Hemogram analysis, involving the estimation of packed cell volume, erythrocyte counts, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and plasma protein and fibrinogen levels of 20 parasitized pigeons and five non-infected pigeons demonstrated significant macrocytic hypochromic anemia with hypoproteinemia and hyperfibrinogenemia in the infected pigeons. This study shows the profound impact of long-lasting subclinical pigeon haemoproteosis caused by H. columbae on the health of farmed domestic pigeons.

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Respiratory muscle weakness in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a problem that can affect the patient's ability to conduct daily activities. The aim of this study to see the difference between the intervention group given the pursed-lip breathing exercises, diaphragmatic breathing, and upper limb stretching with the control group which not given therapy. 38 COPD patients were grouped into intervention groups (n = 18) and control group (n = 18) randomly. The intervention group was given pursed-lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing, and upper limb stretching for 4 weeks as much as two times for each week, while the control group was not given exercise. The dyspnea scale was measured using the MRC Dyspnea Scale questionnaire and was categorized as mild (scale 1), medium (scale 2-3) and severe (scale 4-5). The result showed there was a difference in dyspnea (p value 0.008) for intervention group and there is no difference in the dyspnea for control group that was not given exercise (p value 0.655). In conclusion, pursed lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing, and upper limb stretching can give more significant benefits when done sustainably, especially for COPD patients.

The phytochemical components of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill) consist of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins, so that they have the potential as antibacterials. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of Persea americana Mill extract to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus through inhibition zone observation and the ability to accelerate wound healing infected by S. aureus through observation of wound closure and cytopathology.  Persea americana Mill were extracted using maceration method with 70% ethanol. The activities of this extract were tested by diffusion disc agar method. Biomedical tests were carried out on anaestetic Wistar rats whose were S. aureus infected wounds  and treated with Persea Americana Mill extract. Based on the results of the antimicrobial test, avocado seed extract has a inhibitory effect on the growth of S. aureus at a concentration of 6.25% and best at a concentration of 100% compared to the control. Tests in experimental rats showed the effect of wound healing on the 2rd day after giving the extract Persea americana Mill ointment, faster than the control, which was need 4 days of wound closure. Cytopathology results showed that leukocyte activity was more prominent in rats treated with avocado seed extract compared to control rats. Avocado seeds as byproducts have the potential to be new herbal medicines that can be used as antimicrobials of S. aureus which have been confirmed to be resistant to various antibiotics.

Diabetes melitus adalah penyakit metabolik yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia akibat penurunan kadar hormon insulin yang diproduksi kelenjar pankreas. Banyak obat alternatif yang digunakan untuk mengatasi maupun mencegah penyakit diabetes melitus, salah satunya adalah umbi tanaman Sarang Semut (Myrmecodia tuberose) yang mengandung senyawa polisakarida tinggi untuk meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh serbuk umbi tanaman Sarang Semut (Myrmecodia tuberose.) terhadap kadar dan respon imun tikus Wistar  yang diinduksi streptozotocin.Tikus yang digunakan adalah tikus Wistar sebanyak 25 ekor jantan, umur sekitar 2 bulan, dengan berat badan 180-250 gram. Tikus dibagi 5 kelompok secara acak masing-masing  5 ekor. Tikus kelompok I, II dan III dibuat diabetes dengan induksi dosis tunggal streptozotocin intraperitoneal 40 mg/kg bb yang dilarutkan dalam buffer sodium sitrat 0,1 M. Tikus diabetes kelompok I diterapi dengan serbuk umbi tanaman Sarang Semut dosis A (18 mg/200 g bb/tikus/ekor/hari/PO) selama 21 hari dan tikus diabetes  kelompok II diterapi dengan serbuk umbi tanaman Sarang Semut dosis B (9 mg/200 g bb tikus/ekor/hari/PO) selama 21 hari. Tikus diabetes kelompok III diberi perlakuan 0,5 mL NaCl fisiologis/200 g bb tikus/ekor/hari/PO selama 21 hari sebagai kontrol positif diabetes. Kelompok IV diberi serbuk umbi tanaman Sarang Semut dosis A (18 mg/200 g bb tikus/ekor/hari/PO) selama 21 hari untuk mengetahui efek dari Sarang Semut itu sendiri.  Kelompok V diberi perlakuan 0,5 mL NaCl fisiologis/200 g bb tikus/ekor/hari/PO) selama 21 hari sebagai kontrol negatif. Pemeriksaan kadar glukosa darah dilakukan pada hari ke-0, 7, 14 dan 21 terhadap setiap kelompok tikus. Di akhir penelitian, dilakukan uji respon imunologik terhadap fungsi leukosit yaitu uji lazy leucocyte syndrome.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serbuk umbi Sarang Semut mampu menurunkan kadar glukosa darah, memperbaiki fungsi imunologik leukosit.  Pemberian serbuk Sarang Semut dosis A (18 mg/200 g bb tikus/ekor/hari/PO) memperlihatkan hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan dosis B (9 mg/200 g bb tikus/ekor/hari/PO). Disimpulkan bahwa serbuk umbi Sarang Semut memiliki potensi sebagai antidiabetes melitus dan mampu meningkatkan respon imunologik.

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ABSTRAK:Penyakit diabetes mellitus adalah serangkaian proses penyakit yang bermula dari kerusakan jaringan terutama di pankreas dimana awalnya ditandai dengan munculnya protein fase akut. Pada mamalia, konsentrasi protein fase akut yang dominan adalah serum amyloid A protein, C-reaktive protein dan fibrinogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari korelasi protein fase akut fibrinogen untuk digunakan sebagai biomarker pada tikus diabetes yang diinduksi streptozotocin. Tikus yang digunakan adalah tikus Wistar jantan sebanyak 20 ekor, umur sekitar 2 bulan dengan berat badan 180-250 gram. Tikus dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, masing-masing kelompok 10 ekor tikus sebagai kelompok induksi dan kelompok kontrol. Kelompok induksi dipuasakan selama 24 jam kemudian diinjeksi streptozotocin 1 kali dengan dosis 40 mg/kg bb yang dilarutkan dalam bufer sodium sitrat 0,1 M pH 4,0. Tikus diambil darah pada jam ke-0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 60, 72, 84 dan 96 post induksi diabetes untuk diperiksa kadar konsentrasi protein fase akut fibrinogen Hasil penelitian rata-rata kadar fibrinogen pada jam ke-0 dan ke-6 yaitu sebesar 0,57±0,06 mg/mL dan 0,60±0,35 mg/mL masih dalam range normal, kemudian mulai meningkat terus berturut-turut di jam ke-12 sebesar 0,6±0,4 mg/mL, jam ke-24 0.93±0,46 mg/mL, jam ke-36 1,1±0,1 mg/mL, jam ke-48 1,13±0,81 mg/mL, jam ke-60 1,17±0.40 mg/mL, jam ke-72 1,47±0,06 mg/mL, jam ke-84 1,6±0,1 mg/mL dan jam ke-96 1,8±0,1 mg/mL. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan protein fase akut fibrinogen dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu marker pada tikus yang diinduksi diabetes mellitus.