This paper focused the conceptualizations of toxic leadership and analyzes the relationship between toxic leadership and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). The mediating role of psychological contract breach was measured between the toxic leadership and counterproductive work behavior, also by analyzing the moderating effect of proactive personality. The selected sample for research comprised of 355 nurses serving in public sector of Pakistan and questionnaire was used as a research tool. Findings of the data revealed that toxic leadership is having a positive significant relationship with CWB and a negative with PCB in partial mediation model. PCB was found to be positively associated with CWB whereas Proactive personality was identified for weakening the relationship of PCB and CWB. The results of the study elaborated that firms ought to illuminate unmistakably to managers about the antagonistic outcomes brought about by toxic oversight, and may join rules or approaches to rebuff toxic practices. Given the counterproductive impact of toxic leadership, more information is exclusively required regarding causes of toxic leadership and the paper concluded with recommendations for future research and action.
Purpose This paper aims to investigate whether the effect of competitive strategies on the performance is significantly different for fully fledged Islamic banks vis-a-vis conventional banks with Islamic window. Specifically, two competitive strategies namely the low-cost strategy and the differentiation strategy were considered. In addition, we examined further the competitive strategies–performance nexus by introducing enterprise risk management as a mediating factor. Design/methodology/approach This study used structured questionnaires to collect data from 506 respondents (251 from fully fledged Islamic banks and 255 from conventional banks with Islamic window). A disjoint two-stage approach was employed to analyze a hierarchical component model. Construct Level Correction and Measured Latent Marker Variable approaches were employed to assess the common method variance. As a robustness check, two-stage approach was used to explore the curvilinear relationship, and the Gaussian copula approach was adopted to address the endogeneity issue. Findings The findings show the evidence of complementary partial mediation in the relationships between low-cost strategy, differentiation strategy, and performance through enterprise risk management practices in both types of banks. Practical implications Competitive strategies are essential as they send signals to owners, managers, policymakers, and regulatory authorities. On the one hand, fully fledged Islamic banks face dual competition from pure conventional counterparts as well as conventional banks with Islamic window. On the other hand, Islamic window banks also face strong competition from the fully fledged Islamic banks due to their strong Shariah roots. Hence, this competitive pressure on both types of banks calls for more attention to focus on competitive strategies and enterprise risk management practices to accelerate their performance and overcome the bank risk. Moreover, these competitive strategies can be used as a tool to enter into a new market by reducing costs and risks. Besides, banks cannot achieve a competitive advantage without implementing enterprise risk management practices because competitive strategies are significant antecedents of enterprise risk management practices. Therefore, this study recommends both types of banks to focus on enterprise risk management practices to make these strategies successful. Originality/value To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the competitive strategies–performance nexus and the mediating role of enterprise risk management practices in an unexplored area of Islamic banking.
According to World Bank, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a significant role in most economies, especially in emerging markets where 7 out of 10 jobs are created by SMEs. Records show that SMEs account for the highest number of businesses worldwide and are essential contributors to employment generation and global economic development. Universally, SMEs accounts for around 90% of businesses and more than 50% of employment. In emerging economies, SMEs contribute up to 40% of GDP and it significantly increases when combined with informal SMEs. Furthermore, SMEs development is considered a high priority worldwide as World Bank estimates that by 2030 nearly 600 million jobs will be needed to absorb the rising workforce globally.Aigbe Omoregie, the Founder of Young CEO Initiative, enlightened that the role of MSMEs in Nigeria's economic development is worthy of appreciation because of the significant role MSMEs play in the development of a nation stretching from contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to employment creation, export and technology innovation. He further revealed that in 2013 MSMEs contribute 54% to Nigeria's GDP and 7.27% to export while in 2014 Nigeria Bureau of Statistics recorded that 59 million (84.02% of Nigeria's total labour force) Nigerians work in the MSMEs sector. Mr. Aigbe admitted that it would not have been possible without the efforts of favourable government policies and programs implemented to encourage youth entrepreneurship (Adekoya, 2018).The 2009-2010 banking system restructuring in Nigeria which led to increase in network of branches, gradually led banks to re-engage in financing activities in the private sector. Though the level of financing is insufficient as it represented less than 12% of GDP in 2013 as compared to the 50% average in other Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite accounting for the highest in terms of contribution to the Nigerian economy, many SMEs are often resort to informal funding or self-financing. SMEs Financial inclusion is still a major obstacle despite the added value they generate as well as the jobs created in Nigeria. It can be undeniably argued that the economy of Nigeria is not diversified enough to meet up with the challenges of its growing population and high rate of poverty. In 2012, with the goal of reducing the percentage of its citizens excluded from the financial system from 40% in 2012 to 20% by 2020, Nigeria implemented an aspiring public policy to stimulate financial inclusion. However, it was made known that a certain effort was made in 2017 by Development Bank of Nigeria (DBN) when it disbursed the sum of N5b to 3 micro finance banks namely, LAPO Microfinance bank, Fortis Microfinance Bank, and NPF
Destructive leadership research is neither much studied by the researchers, nor their styles are studied together in the previous literature. This paper adds aversive and autocratic leadership (two shades of destructive leadership) to the investigation, particularly the Pakistani context, which has not been studied before. This paper further proposes that psychological contract breach (PCB) results from the aversive and autocratic leadership due to their destructiveness. The model also gets its support from the COR theory by [47]. People with proactive personalities were hypothesized to moderate the two relations. However, the results supported only two hypotheses. However, the moderation effect was found to be insignificant. It is a cross-sectional study. The data for the current study were collected from 386 nurses working in the public sector hospitals by questionnaires. Quota and convenient sampling techniques were used for the person. In addition to limitations and suggestions for future researchers, the theoretical and practical implications are also provided conclusively. Limitations to the study and suggestions for future examination alongside theoretical and practical implications are also stated.
Today Entrepreneurs are considered to an utmost magnitude as national assets to be cultivated, motivated, and remunerated because they tend to have the ability to change the way people live and work. Successful innovations of entrepreneur ventures made standard of living better, create wealth as well as employment and ultimately contribute to economic growth. From stimulating social change to innovation drive, entrepreneurship is undeniably a significant phenomenon (Shobhit, 2019).Entrepreneurial ventures help in achieving economic prosperity. New start-ups as well as improving existing businesses helps entrepreneurs to develop new markets and creates new wealth through enhanced technology, products or services. Furthermore, entrepreneur activities contribute to high national income generated through tax revenue as a result of improved employment rate and better earnings which leads to an enriched quality of life, morale boost, and appreciable economic freedom (Shobhit, 2019).Depending on its drive, be it discovery, opportunity, unemployment or need for survival, entrepreneurship is categorised into opportunity-based and necessity-based (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2012). To Reynolds (2000) and Clausen ( 2006), necessity-driven entrepreneurship is unemployment in disguised and mostly results to less productivity due to misallocation of a person's resources and competences. A prospective entrepreneur ends up searching
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