The non-invasive diagnosis for cardiac abnormalities has been turned into a reality in recent years. This is based on the fact that advanced imaging equipment can acquire sub-millimeter details of the internal organs. An important example is the use of state-of-the-art computed tomography (CT) as a substitute of conventional catheterization. It is interesting that calcium-based vascular deposits can be quickly identified in CT; however, non-calcified plaque detection remains a challenging task due to lower intensity values. In this context, a number of methods have been reported for efficient detection and segmentation of non-calcified plaques in recent years. In order to advance the existing knowledge and extend the operational efficiency in this domain, it is extremely important to review the state-of-the-art literature. Accordingly, we present a comprehensive review of non-calcified plaque detection method in this paper presents. We believe that this can serve as a starting point towards productive clinical research in this domain.Index Terms-Coronary segmentation, non-calcified plaques, plaque detection.
The massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) is a key enabling technology for the 5G cellular communication systems. In massive MIMO (M-MIMO) systems few hundred numbers of antennas are deployed at each base station (BS) to serve a relatively small number of single-antenna terminals with multiuser, providing higher data rate and lower latency. In this paper, an M-MIMO communication system with a large number of BS antennas with zero-forcing beamforming is proposed for the improved spectral efficiency performance of the system. The zero forcing beamforming technique is used to overcome the interference that limits the spectral efficiency of M-MIMO communication systems. The simulation results authenticate the improvement in the spectral efficiency of M-MIMO system. The spectral efficiency value using zero-forcing beamforming is near to the spectral efficiency value with the nointerference scenario.
During the last decade, the CR (Cognitive Radio) came into view as a major wireless technology to resolve the issue of spectrum secrecy and efficient spectrum utilization. However, due to unlicensed (secondary) users, there are various security threats to the CRN (Cognitive Radio Networks). Some malicious users may access the CRN and mislead the secondary users to vacate the occupied channel, which may stop the communication. In this work, we propose a new cryptographic-based algorithm, CRAES (Cognitive Radio-Advanced Encryption Standard), inspired by the traditional AES to secure the CRN. The data of the primary and secondary users is encrypted at the transmitter and decrypted at the receiver. Unlike the conventional AES, we introduce the data-dependent key-generation and shift-rows process. We also reduce the rounds of AES from 10-6 to improve the computational efficiency without compromising the overall security. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CR-AES in terms of better security, reliability, and computational efficiency.
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