We investigated the associations of bullying and victimization with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), as well as the mediating role of depressive mood in a sample of 785 adolescents. Further, we explored the moderating role of parental support in these associations. All participants completed questionnaires on bullying, victimization, NSSI, depressive mood, and parental support. Almost 21 % of adolescents engaged in at least one form of NSSI. Both bullying and victimization of being bullied increased the risk of engaging in NSSI. The relationships of both bullying and victimization with NSSI were partially mediated by depressive mood. Finally, the relationships of both bullying and victimization with NSSI and of depressive mood with NSSI were found to be moderated by parental support, indicating that these relationships were less pronounced in adolescents who experienced high parental support. Hence, we underscore the need to include both emotion-regulation training and family-based interventions into bully intervention programs to prevent NSSI.

Phenomenological and cultural understandings of recovery from the perspective of individuals who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) are rare. The primary study objective was to understand similarities across three samples in (a) how young people define recovery from NSSI and (b) what they consider helpful approaches taken by parents and professionals to assist their recovery. Using a cross-national sample of young people (n = 98) from Australia (n = 48), Belgium (n = 25) and the United States (n = 25), we assessed their perspectives on NSSI. Consistent across all samples, young people defined recovery as no longer having the urge to self-injure when distressed, often displayed ambivalence about recovery, and reported it was helpful when parents and professionals were calm and understanding. Acceptance of

The present study investigated the prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal self-injury (SSI) in a sample of 1,417 Flemish adolescents aged 12 to 18, as well as psychosocial differences between adolescents engaging in NSSI and adolescents engaging in SSI. Participants completed an anonymous online survey inquiring about NSSI and SSI functions, sociodemographic correlates, help seeking behaviors, and stressful life events. Lifetime prevalence of NSSI was 13.71% and SSI was 3.93%. No gender or age differences appeared between adolescents engaging in NSSI or SSI; however, differences in educational level were observed. Significant differences in functions of the behavior and number of stressful life events were noted between groups. Finally, the likelihood of receiving professional help differed between adolescents engaging in NSSI and adolescents engaging in SSI. Implications of the findings for assessment and treating NSSI and SSI are discussed.

The present study investigates the association of parenting and family factors with nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in pre-adolescents. A sample of 1439 pre-adolescents and their parents were assessed by means of (a) adolescent-reported parenting behaviors (support and behavioral/psychological control), (b) parent-reported parenting behaviors (support and behavioral/psychological control) and parenting stress, and (c) parent-reported family structure, socioeconomic status (SES) of the family, family functioning, and family stressful life-events. The prevalence of NSSI was 4.82%. Pre-adolescents engaging in NSSI perceived more psychological and behavioral control from their parents. Logistic regression using parent-reported parenting behaviors as covariates showed a significant interaction between parent-reported support and behavioral control in relation to NSSI behaviors. No significant differences in parent-reported parenting stress and family structure emerged. Significant differences in parent-reported SES of families with and without self-injurious pre-adolescents were found. Finally, no significant associations appeared between the presence of NSSI and parent-reported family functioning and stressful life-events.

Psychosocial interventions for prevention of NSSI should not only target adolescence through school mental health programs but also target emerging adults at the university level.