English for second language writing has developed greatly, from product oriented approach to process oriented approach. This implies that the focus of L2 writing has shifted from the final product of writing to the process of writing. Because of its own rules and conventions, writing skill is considered difficult to learn in a short period of time. Although it is a difficult skill, writing is essential for second language learners' academic success. Second language researchers are still trying to find satisfactory answers to the how and why of the teaching of writing process to second language learners. More studies are needed to shed light on second language writing process area. This paper discusses briefly the writing process and the writing strategies employed by a few EFL proficient student writers in writing. It is found that the writing process stages employedin this study were prewriting, planning, drafting, pausing and reading, revising and editing which occurred non-linear and recursive. The writing strategies identified in the writing process stages were relating the topic to past knowledge and experience, taking the readers into consideration, talkwrite, freewriting, outlining, listing, seeking help, using online materials, focusing on the mechanics of writing, and text organization. However, what works successfully for some students may not work well for others, and what functions well for one assignment may not be compatible for another.
The study was aimed at understanding the EFL Indonesian students' perspective on the writing process. The pilot study involved two male Indonesian postgraduate students in Universiti Utara Malaysia. The Indonesian students were selected based on the following criteria: (1) had enough knowledge in English writing, indicated by the completion of Academic Writing and Research Methodology courses taken in UUM; (2) had written an unpublished thesis during their undergraduate studies in Indonesia and they are writing their master or doctoral thesis in English; (3) used English extensively in writing their assignments, and in daily activities. Pseudonyms were used to refer to the participants as Sukarno and Suharto. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with the participants. The interview sessions took approximately 15-20 minutes for each participant and were videotaped and audiotaped. Semi-structured interview with 15 questions and probes were used. The results showed that the two participants had positive feelings and attitudes towards writing in English. Although they had a hard time in English writing during their undergraduate in Indonesia, they become fond of writing in English in their postgraduate time due to the exposure to English extensively. In composing, they used brainstorming, drafting, pausing, revising and editing in a recursive manner.
The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically altered the education sector. Rather than the impact of COVID-19, many higher education institutions (HEIs) are on the verge of insolvency due to a lack of digital transformation readiness and poor business models. The bleak financial future many HEIs will face while others may be forced to close their doors completely will erode HEIs’ ability to fulfil their societal responsibilities. However, HEIs that have survived and maintained their operations anticipate the transition to online learning or the effects of any economic crisis, including university closures in the short, medium, or long term. The entire educational ecosystem was forced to transform its operations quickly and entirely to an online teaching-learning scenario in just a few weeks. Notably, HEIs that have long offered online courses worldwide can easily transition to digital teaching and learning when necessary. The second roundtable session’s result of the International Higher Education Conference, organized by INTI International University on March 31 2022, was used to organize a Delphi method to identify further factors that positively impact HEIs by COVID-19. The importance of these factors was then determined using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance. Recommendations on how HEIs should move towards institutional sustainability during the endemic phase are presented accordingly.
Most research on Initial Public Offering (IPO) focuses on the financial aspects of a company; previous research on corporate governance tended to focus on factors that influence the company proceeding with IPO. Few researchers studied the aspect of leadership using corporate governance as means to achieve company growth and IPO. This study seeks to identify dimensions deemed as important for corporate governance from the Malaysian perspective by using a two-round Delphi Method. The consistency of the ranking of these dimensions was then determined using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance. The order of importance for the nine dimensions uncovered from the Delphi Method are as follows: (1) Leadership; (2) Board Structure; (3) Vision, Mission and Strategies; (4) Policies, Process and Procedures; (5) Transparency; (6) Accountability and Responsibility; (7) Risk management and Internal Control; (8) Culture, and (9) Training and Communication. The interplay of the aforementioned dimensions and corporate governance is presented. Finally, quantitative as well as mixed methods research are recommended for a more in-depth understanding and to reduce bias through triangulation.
This research examines the interplay of green training, organisational citizenship behaviour toward the environment, top management commitment, and environmental performance in four different industrial units in Pakistan. These units have been implementing environmentally friendly policies and conforming their environmental activities to the regulatory framework of Pakistan’s National Environment Quality Standards in a sustainable manner. In particular, this research aims to ascertain how green training affects organisational citizenship behaviour toward the environment, and to evaluate the impact of top management commitment to environmental performance and green training. According to hypothesis testing results based on 222 key informants randomly recruited from the industry, green training positively relates to civic organisational behaviour toward the environment. In addition, top management commitment is entirely related to environmental performance. In contrast, green training is also positively associated with top management commitment. This study supports the ability motivation opportunity and resource-based view theories by demonstrating that top management commitment is a key factor in encouraging environmental performance and promoting green training that leads to organisational citizenship behaviour toward the environment. This study has several limitations, as the cross-sectional data were only from the manufacturing sector in Pakistan. The researchers strongly suggest that future studies use mixed-method research to understand the phenomenon better. Future researchers could conduct comparative research by using the current instrument in the service sector. Finally, future researchers could use multilevel modelling and potential moderators and mediators to constructively re-examine the model tested in this study by incorporating new variables accordingly.
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