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Energy security is one of the most crucial factor in the development of any nation. Interconnections among different power system networks are made to lower the overall price of power generation as well as enhance the reliability and the security of electric power supply. Different types of interconnection technologies are employed, such as AC interconnections, DC interconnections, synchronous interconnections, and asynchronous interconnections. It is necessary to control the power flow between the interconnected electric power networks. The power flow controllers are used to (i) enhance the operational flexibility and controllability of the electric power system networks, (ii) improve the system stability and (iii) accomplish better utilization of existing power transmission systems. These controllers can be built using power electronic devices, electromechanical devices or the hybrid of these devices. In this paper, control techniques for power system networks are discussed. It includes both centralized and decentralized control techniques for power system networks. This paper also presents a comprehensive review of HVDC interconnections, asynchronous AC interconnections, synchronous AC interconnections and different types of power flow controllers used in these interconnections. Moreover, some important and multivariable flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices such as UPFC and IPFC are also discussed with their merits and limitations. Finally, a new asynchronous AC link called flexible asynchronous AC link (FASAL) system is also described in detail. At last, a summary of the comparative analysis of power system link and power flow controllers is given based on recent publications. More than 400 research articles and papers on the topic of power transfer control are covered in this review and appended for a quick reference.
An interconnection of electric power networks enables decarbonization of the electricity system by harnessing and sharing large amounts of renewable energy. The highest potential renewable energy areas are often far from load centers, integrated through long-distance transmission interconnections. The transmission interconnection mitigates the variability of renewable energy sources by importing and exporting electricity between neighbouring regions. This paper presents an overview of regional and global energy consumption trends by use of fuel. A large power grid interconnection, including renewable energy and its integration into the utility grid, and globally existing large power grid interconnections are also presented. The technologies used for power grid interconnections include HVAC, HVDC (including LCC, VSC comprising of MMC-VSC, HVDC light), VFT, and newly proposed FASAL are discussed with their potential projects. Future trends of grid interconnection, including clean energy initiatives and developments, UHV AC and DC transmission systems, and smart grid developments, are presented in detail. A review of regional and global initiatives in the context of a sustainable future by implementing electric energy interconnections is presented. It presents the associated challenges and benefits of globally interconnected power grids and intercontinental interconnectors. Finally, in this paper, research directions in clean and sustainable energy, smart grid, UHV transmission systems that facilitate the global future grid interconnection goal are addressed.
The primary reason for interconnections among different power grids is to reduce the overall economic costs as well as increase reliability and security of supplying electricity services. Thus, for electrical power flow from one power system or grid to another power system or grid a simple, reliable and low cost interconnection is needed. In this paper, a flexible ac power transmission link technology has been proposed for linking two asynchronous independent power systems. The proposed flexible asynchronous ac link (FASAL) system essentially consists of a rotating transformer which is put in the ac tie line between two separate power systems or grids. It controls the power transmission between these power systems which are asynchronous under some or all operating conditions. The direction and the magnitude of power flow is controlled by controlling voltage and/or frequency. Simulink model of proposed FASAL system has been developed for the analytical study and the result verifies the power transfer capability of the proposed system. Index Terms--Flexible asynchronous ac link, power system interconnection, transfer of power, freely rotating asynchronous machine.
For early fault detection and health monitoring of low speed machines the instantaneous angular speed (IAS) measurement with high resolution and accuracy is required. The results show that IAS measurement is much more superior to the conventional methods i.e. analyzing acoustic waveforms, temperature variations, and vibrations etc. However accurate IAS measurement becomes very difficult due to slow and noisy response of the rotary transducers for low speed rotating machines. In the proposed technique, a fast rotating magnetic field (RMF) is used to measure the IAS for low-speed machines. An independent ac source is used to generate a balanced threephase ac voltage, which is applied to the stator windings of a synchro whose rotor is coupled with the rotating member or rotor of a motor. The RMF in the air gap generates emf in the rotor of synchro whose frequency depends upon the slip speed. Since the RMF revolves at a speed, several times the speed of the rotating member or the rotor of motor, hence the IAS measurement becomes very fast and accurate. The proposed scheme is tested successfully for instantaneous change of speed within a range of 0 to 2 rpm.
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