Knowledge of how changes in bladder volume and the urge to void affect brain activity is important for understanding brain mechanisms that control urinary continence and micturition. This study used PET to evaluate brain activity associated with different levels of passive bladder filling and the urge to void. Eleven healthy male subjects (three left- and eight right-handed) aged 19-54 years were catheterized and the bladder filled retrogradely per urethra. Twelve PET scans were obtained during two repetitions of each of six bladder volumes, with the subjects rating their perception of urge to void prior to and after each scan. Increased brain activity related to increasing bladder volume was seen in the periaqueductal grey matter (PAG), in the midline pons, in the mid-cingulate cortex and bilaterally in the frontal lobe area. Increased brain activity relating to decreased urge to void was seen in a different portion of the cingulate cortex, in premotor cortex and in the hypothalamus. Both activation patterns were predominantly bilaterally symmetric and none of the effects could be attributed to the presence of the catheter. However, in some subjects, mostly those reporting intrusive sensations from the urethral catheter, there was a discrepancy between filling volume and urge so that they reported high urge with low volumes. As this 'mismatch' decreased, activation increased bilaterally in the somatosensory cortex. Our findings support the hypothesis that the PAG receives information about bladder fullness and relays this information to areas involved in the control of bladder storage. Our results also show that the network of brain regions involved in modulating the perception of the urge to void is distinct from that associated with the appreciation of bladder fullness.

Deltamethrin among pyrethroids is used as an insecticide on different vegetables. Grass of sprayedfield was provided to the domestic animals as a food. In order to determine deltamethrin quantitatively, animal samples like milk, blood and urine were extracted with n-hexane, partitioned and anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 was added to the acetonitrile layer to remove the water contents. Silica gel column was used to cleanup deltamethrin with n-hexane and diethyl ether as a mobile phase. The column fractions were concentrated to 5 ml using rotary evaporator and analyzed using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID).Deltamethrin solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.5-to 2.5-µg/ ml were used as calibration standards. The solution at 1.0µg/ml is used to confirm the claimed limit of detection (LOD).