Riverbank Filtration (RBF) Technology has been found to be a safe, renewable, sustainable, and cost-effective drinking water treatment or pretreatment technology. The Egyptian government has recently turned to riverbank filtration to conserve drinking and industrial water at a lower cost and higher efficiency. The study aims to assess the hydraulic performance of the riverbank filtration system in west Sohag, Egypt. MODFLOW and MODPATH 10.2.3 were used under the platform of Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) to construct a hydraulic groundwater flow model to simulate the flow of the riverbank filtration system. Six pumping rates with two scenarios were conducted to investigate the system's hydraulic performance. Water samples were collected from the Nile River, abstraction wells, and groundwater to characterize the water quality. The results indicated that the application of riverbank filtration is promising due to the significant hydraulic connection between the Nile and the aquifer. However, the system hydraulic aspects should be taken into consideration during the design phase as they may affect the RBF hydraulic performance and its efficiency. It became apparent how effective RBF is at eliminating pathogens and suspended solids. Infiltrated water, on the other hand, has higher iron and manganese amounts than the Nile water.
Managing risk is an integral part of sound management and risk management helps to achieve projects objectives. Although the process of risk management is standardized to a great extent, risk control strategies depend on project circumstances and feature. One of the essential humanity’s challenges in the future, is surely ensuring water needs. Equitable and sustainable management of water resources is a major global challenge, and supply of clean fresh water is decreasing around all nations. Egypt is one of the countries hardest affected by climate change. Also challenges include population growth, increase in food demand and Lack of water and energy Leads to let managing risk for construction of water control structures projects on water streams in Egypt becomes more challenging and essential than ever before. Moreover, this study aims to show the effect of risk on cost and time targets for water control structure projects in Egypt .This study mainly identify a list of significant risk factors effecting on cost and time for these type of projects in Egypt through studying pervious publishing for risk management in construction projects and a questionnaire survey , then conducting a qualitative analysis using a Severity and Probability matrix (S/P matrix) techniques to assess the influence of risk factors and to isolate critical risk factors for a quantitative analysis. Finally, conducting a quantitative analysis by mean of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the cost and time contingency, s the conclusion of this study shows that the cost contingency needed to account for the different critical risk factors is to increase the estimated cost by 12.35 % on the total estimated budget of the project. In addition that the time contingency needed to consider for different critical risk factors is to increase the scheduled time by 11.25% over the total originally scheduled of the project
Vegetative root zone methods are based on self-purifying processes that take place in the soil, wetland and vegetation containing water media. Our studies are concentrated on the course of puryfying in relation with the length of the filtration bed and on the progress of eliminating the ammoniacal pollution. The research proved that the essential part of the puryfying process takes place within the inlet zone (Figs 1 and 2). The decomposition of ammonia proceeds very slowly. The process of nitrification is affected by the lack of oxygen in the filtration media. To improve the effectiveness of vegetative root zone methods we suggest specific steps: an adjustment of the inlet zone, a system of cascades, a water level pulsation system and combinations of different types and arrangements of vegetative root zones.
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