Sampai saat ini, kanker mulut rahim masih merupakan masalah kesehatan perempuan di Indonesia sehubungan dengan angka kejadian dan angka kematiannya yang tinggi. Setiap tahun, di dunia terdapat 500.000 kasus baru kanker serviks dan lebih dari 250.000 kematian. Di Indonesia yang berpenduduk sekitar 220 juta jiwa, terdapat sekitar 52 juta perempuan yang terancam kanker serviks. Penyebab utama dari kanker serviks adalah infeksi HPV (Human Papilloma Virus). Proses terjadinya karsinoma serviks sangat erat hubungannya dengan proses metaplasia. Perubahan biasanya terjadi pada daerah sambungan skuamous kolumnar (SSK) atau daerah transformasi. Prognosis kanker serviks dibedakan berdasarkan kriteria morfometrik, penyebaran, serta usia.Kata kunci: epidemiologi deskriptif, riwayat alami, faktor prognostik, kanker serviks
Ganoderma lucidum mushroom (also known as Ling Zhi in China, Mannetake /Reishi in Japan) has been widely used for thousands of years to prevent and treat various diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes mellitus, viral infection, and cancer. Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum has been extensively investigated for free radical scavenging activity. Both in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that G. lucidum have anti-tumor effects, which mediated by its immunomodulatory, anti-angiogenesis, and cytotoxic effects. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide (GLPP) which extracted from Ganoderma lucidum mycelium tissue culture, give the best quality of β-D-Glucans bioactive compounds. These biologically active glucans interact with receptors on the surface of immune cells such as macrophage and natural killer cell (NK cell) to induce immunomodulatory and tumoricidal effects. However, many studies still need to answer those mechanisms.
Objective: explore the association between percutaneous nephrostomy and survival of patients with advanced cervical cancer accompanied by renal impairment.Materials and Methods: Retrospective cohort, with 70 samples taken with consecutive sampling. The population was all advanced cervical cancer patients with impaired renal function (IIIB, IVA, IVB, recurrent) treated in RSUPNCM since January 1, 1998. Sample size was each 19 patients for percutaneous nephrostomy and conservative groups. Survival was measured from medical records of advanced cervical cancer patients with impaired renal function who were treated at RSUPNCM since January 1, 1998 until December 31, 2003. Percutaneous nephrostomy was measured from medical records of advanced cervical cancer patients with impaired renal function treated at RSUPNCM since 1 January 1998 until December 31, 2003.Results: Median survival of 44 respondents who underwent percutaneous nephrostomy was 203 days with probability of survival at 6 months 56.9% and 12 months by 31.1%. Median survival of 26 respondents who did not undergo percutaneous nephrostomy was 75 days with a chance of survival at 6 months 26.6% and 12 months 10%. There were significant differences between patients undergoing percutaneous nephrostomy and those without (p = 0.0470, α = 0.05).Conclusion: There was significant association between percutaneous nephrostomy and survival (p = 0.0470, α = 0.05).
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