There has been a growing interest in assessing the attractiveness of territories, especially rural ones, from the perspective of stakeholders, such existing exiting rural populations, potential newcomers and new entrants. As part of the PoliRural project, the aim of the presented research was determined-to create the initial vision (i.e. definition) of rural attractiveness by considering factors that influence people's desire to live and work in rural areas. To that end, a mixed method approach combining qualitative and quantitative techniques was used. The overall research framework was executed in several sequential steps: brainstorming, literature review, survey questionnaire, data analysis, and evaluation. In defining rural attractiveness, two different but interrelated perspectives were considered, one focusing on people, the other on the entire rural ecosystem. During internal survey of project participants-respondents prioritized definitions by assigning points or scores on their preferred definition. Accordingly, an initial vision's definition of rural attractiveness was created based on the highest assessment score.
Abstract. The public good ecosystem services, particularly ecosystem services provided by agriculture, are defined as goods and services often delivered as side-effects of farmers' production contribute to human well-being. The aim of the study is twofold: 1) to ascertain the concepts and options for ecosystem services, particularly, agro-ecosystem services, valuation; and 2) to assess the supporting activities, based on implementation effectiveness analysis of Rural Development Program's (
Nowadays the tackling climate change is the greatest sustainability and environmental challenge for the world. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as the political forum, particularly the Paris meeting held in 2015, agreed the international actions on climate change. Climate change has already become significant in Europe, with the mean temperature increasing, and extreme weather events becoming more frequent. Europe (i.e. Latvia) is warming faster than many other parts of the world. The importance of adaptation in climate policy is now widely recognized. The transformation in policy has accelerated, especially since the European Climate Change Adaptation Strategy was adopted in April 2013. The main objective of the European Union (EU) Climate Change Adaptation Strategy is to promote adaptation in key vulnerable sectors (e.g., agriculture, fishery etc.). In the light of these climate impacts and vulnerabilities, adaptation measures need to be taken at the level of the EU as well as at national, regional and local levels. On the EU level it is stressed that integration of both climates concerns mitigation and adaptation into other development strategies and policies, as well as cross-sectoral planning instruments, is the most effective way tackling climate change. The principal materials used for the research are as follows: different sources of literature, legislative and programming documents (i.e. guidelines) of international (i.e. UN, OECD) and EU institutions, as well as Latvia's documents. Findings show that the climate change adaptation policies are being adopted by most of the EU countries, but several of them, including Latvia, have lagged for others. Moreover, the development and implementation of an integrated approach could require close collaboration among different stakeholders, for example, governmental institutions, municipalities, non-governmental institutions, the private sector and society.
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