in the paper the principles and methods of gene pools preservation of domestic animals breeds are explored. Currently 17 % of world species are under threat of extinction. The arguments in favor of preserving local breeds are: 1) economic factors, such as moderation of quality requirements for food products, moderation of hygienic and climatic conditions (new types of diseases, vaccines, changes in the external environment), necessity to keep a reserve for successful breeding, opportunity to use local breeds in harsh environmental conditions; 2) scientific factors, in particular, possibility of studying the gene pool of local breeds in order to reconstruct the evolution of domesticated species (exploring local breeds can reveal the mechanisms of the evolutionary processes, ontogeny, behavior patterns, natural and artificial selection); 3) cultural and historical factors related to the fact that native breeds represent living monuments of traditional culture of the population. Breeding is only possible while maintaining its inter-and interbreed genetic diversity, which can be identified through using various molecular genetic techniques. The examples of using new genetic technologies while preserving local breeds of two domesticated species are provided: sheep (Ovis aries) and cattle (Bos taurus). Using iSSr-fingerprinting (inter Simple Sequence repeats) some data were obtained, allowing us to determine the coefficient of genetic originality, to analyze population structure, to uncover similarities and differences, to identify and evaluate consolidation, breed purity and genealogical relationships of gene pools in a number of species (inbreeding). within breeds of the same species or within one species it is possible to spot the ancient or the most estranged from the "protogene pool" groups of animals and, thus, to use these data in the breeding strategy aimed at the preservation of animal forms close to the ancestral form. Using various DNA markers, methods of genomic and genetic breeding in nature conservation and genetic selection of domesticated species provides an opportunity to obtain data on the genetic potential (value, originality) of the breed, which is important for scientific justification of its preservation.Key words: gene pool; breed; inbreeding depression; effective population size; genetic diversity; DNA analysis; sheep; cattle. рассмотрены принципы и методы сохранения генофондов пород домашних животных. В мире под угрозой исчезновения находит ся 17 % пород. Аргументами в пользу сохранения локальных пород являются: 1) экономические факторы, такие как изменения требо-ваний к качеству пищевых продуктов, изменения гигиенических и климатических условий (новые виды болезней, вакцины, измене -ния внешней среды), необходимость сохранить резерв для успеш-ной селекции, возможность использовать местные породы в труд-ных экологических условиях; 2) научные факторы, в частности воз-можность изучения генофонда местных пород для реконструкции эволюции доместицированного вида (изучение локальных пород может вскр...
Polymorphism of the mtDNA gene COI was studied in a St. Petersburg population of two spot ladybird Adalia bipunctata and analyzed in relation with the presence of a symbiotic bacterium Spiroplasma. Variable nucleotide sequences in the middle part of the gene COI formed 13 mitotypes. 84 ladybirds were studied, 21 of these were found to be infected by Spiroplasma. Mean pairwise difference of nucleotides in the COI sequence was 0.001 for uninfected and 0.020 for infected individuals, thus mtDNA polymorphism was considerably higher among uninfected ladybirds compared with infected ones.
Composition of Adalia bipunctata population "University" (collected near St. Petersburg University) was studied from 1975 till 2009, also considering the data obtained by J. Lusis who sampled this ladybird population in 1933, 1934, and 1947. The part of black-colored forms in the population decreased from 90.0 % in 1933 to 47.8 % in 2009. Two hypotheses explaining the observed population dynamics are suggested and discussed: ecological (effect of the city air pollution) and genetic (replacement of the black-color allele with more efficient polygenic system).
The variability of the chromosomal fragments of the atp6 mitochondrial gene, which is integrated into chromosomal DNA in the lines of flies of different geographic origins and in the passaged cell lines of D. virilis has been analyzed. We did not reveal any nucleotide variability in this DNA marker among the studied fly lines. This result is consistent with the proposition that the D. virilis species is monomorphic. The new fragments of the atp6 gene that are associated with the insertions of the Tv1 retrotransposon and are absent in the fly genome are revealed in the genome of the passaged cell line of D. virilis. This fact is evidence of the activation of the mitochondrial DNA transfer into the nuclear genome of the cells of passaged cell culture.
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