Background:Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is the major etiologic agent of cervical carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV infection and genotype distribution in cervical swabs from 2,234 Turkish and 357 Albanian women with similar lifestyles from two different countries.Materials and Methods:HPV detection and typing were performed by type specific multiplex fluorescent PCR and fragments were directly genotyped by high resolution fluorescence capillary electrophoresis.Results:The most common type was HPV 16 and the second one was HPV 6 for both country. The third common type was 39 and 18 for Turkish and Albanian women, respectively.Conclusions:When we compare our results with other studies, there are differences between the frequency and order of the HPV genotypes detected at the second and subsequent frequencies. This may due to differences in the quality and type of samples analyzed, as well as the HPV detection methods.
Postpartum blood loss is difficult to evaluate. Some healthy women tolerate a 500-mL loss of blood, whereas other women become clinically unstable. Postpartum hemorrhage often occurs in women with no identifiable risk factors. Uterine atony is the most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage. In this study, our aim was to identify risk factors for immediate postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery. The source population was all women admitted for labor at gestational week ≥23 at . After exclusion of women with planned caesarean deliveries, we extracted the study population, which included 114 PPH and a random sample of controls without severe PPH. Active management of labor incorporates three main interventions: administration of a uterotonic medication after delivery of the baby; early cord clamping and cutting; and controlled traction on the umbilical cord while awaiting placental separation and delivery (13). The clinical adoption and practice of active management or its individual components varies throughout the world. Few studies have explored the association between the total duration of active labor and PPH. Several authors have reported that a prolonged second stage of labor is associated with PPH.
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