<i>Military classes in Poland can be defined as classes of lower secondary and upper secondary schools, which carry out broadly defined education for safety and participate with the Ministry referred to by their name. Also, the programmes of these classes are enriched with issues related to the defencee of the country, the history of the Polish army and the evolution of patriotic attitudes among children and young people. Military classes in Poland are very popular among both teachers and students.</i><br><br> <i>The purpose of this article is to examine military classes in Poland, with particular focus on experience in this field, as well as an indication of capabilities, and, thus, the developmental prospects of these classes. The analysis was carried out starting with a presentation of the origins of functioning military classes, after which the current possibilities of building programmes of these classes were presented. In the next part of the work the author has carried out a preliminary diagnosis of the functioning of military classes. Subsequently, the proposal of a programme of military classes, which was developed at the National Defence Academy in Warsaw in 2014, is revealed. The whole article ends with a summary and conclusions.</i>
This article compares military and defence-oriented training, education, and socialisation in seven European countries—Sweden, Germany, France, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Poland. The comparative case study approach has been employed to identify the systemic solutions employed in the defence education of young people in those European Union countries. The criteria that have guided the analysis of defence education in each country include purpose, characteristics, duration and possible shortcomings. The results identify common content and alternative delivery patterns and establish a research agenda for further study based on gaps in policy knowledge and programme evaluation. The defence education solutions implemented in each of the countries under analysis lead to conclusions and recommendations regarding the need to create common solutions in the area of cooperation between the armed forces and the civilian population of EU countries. The experience of each country shed light not only on defence-oriented training of young people but also on the potential of various activities aimed at strengthening national security.
Renewable energy sources are an alternative to traditional sources and are based on inexhaustible and environmentally friendly supply. Various controversies have been stirred up by the development of energy production from renewable sources, e.g., due to the high cost of these investments or carbon footprint at the production stage of renewable installations, or later in the disposal process. However, they seem to be gradually offset by the numerous benefits that outweigh the initial costs of their support. Therefore, it is not surprising that European Union (EU) countries are at the forefront of the transition to a low-emission economy. This is evidenced, e.g., by a 22% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in Member States, with gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 58% between 1990 and 2017. Nevertheless, the use of renewable energy sources such as sun, wind, water, etc. is much more expensive than burning fossil fuels. This argument of high investment costs can be decisive in decisions of both public debates and individual households. Therefore, education on renewable energy sources is needed to facilitate the process of transition to a zero-emission economy in the European Union countries. This education should, above all, be addressed to young people, who will be making these decisions in the future. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 will largely depend on the knowledge and awareness of young people. The aim of the paper is to diagnose the perception of the transition to a zero-carbon economy in the opinion of Polish schoolchildren. We put a particular emphasis on renewable energy sources as a key element shaping the security of the state in terms of sustainable ecology and friendly social development. We achieved the aim of the study through a research process with use of theoretical and empirical research methods. We analysed the literature on the subject and the current legal acts in the field of renewable energy sources. We also conducted a survey of high school students in Poland. The analysis of the research results allowed us to formulate recommendations on the possibility of shaping state security in the field of sustainable ecology and friendly social development.
Th is article includes the results of the author`s research into the curriculum in military classes in the opinion of student class participants. Th e below study looks at the results of pilot studies implementing a diagnostic survey, the technique of the survey and a research tool such as the author`s questionnaire with scaling.Th e study consists of an introduction discussing education in military classes, the methodology of the research and the characteristics of the students as well as a preliminary assessment of the curriculum in military classes. Th e summary includes answers to the posed research problems and conclusions for further study based upon them.
Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań własnych na temat wartości uczniów klas wojskowych. W badaniach przyjęto, że wartości badanych uczniów klas wojskowych opisać można za pomocą trzech kategorii, takich jak: zainteresowania uczniów klas wojskowych, kierunki rozwoju cech osobowościowych respondentów i cele ankietowanych. W artykule, po przedstawieniu krótkiej genezy funkcjonowania klas wojskowych oraz opisie metodologii badań, dokonano diagnozy wartości ankietowanych – ich zainteresowań, kierunków rozwoju cech osobowościowych oraz celów badanych. W podsumowaniu udzielono odpowiedzi na postawione problemy badawcze, a także dokonano porównania poznanych wartośc
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