The aim of this research was to determine the factors that may prevent high school students from participating in recreational activities and to investigate whether these factors differ within the scope of various variables. This study consisted of 1459 (681 women and 778 men) student volunteers who are educated to high school level. The easy sampling method was preferred in the present study. The face-to-face survey method was used to collect the data. The "Leisure Constraints Scale" developed by Alexandris and Carroll (1997) and adapted to Turkish by Gürbüz, Öncü, and Emir (2012) was used to determine the factors that might prevent individuals from participating in leisure activities. The data obtained for the research were first transferred to a computer and then analyzed by the SPSS program. The error margin level in the study was taken as p < 0.05. The Cronbach alpha of the study was found to be 0.91. As a result, it was found that women participated in leisure activities more than men. It was also observed that the participants met with more leisure constraints in Turkey's eastern regions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the digital game addiction levels of the high school students, according to some variables such as sports participation, gender, place of accommodation and level of income. The sample group comprises 931 high school students (508, %54,6 female and 423, %45,4 male) from several villages, districts and Kutahya city center (a town in the west part of Turkey with the population of 325.000). They participated to the study voluntarily. In addition to personal information from prepared by the researcher, the game addiction scale developed by Lemmens et al. (2009) and adapted to Turkish by Irmak and Erdogan (2015) was used as a data gathering tool. It is a five point Likert type scale and has one factor and seven items. In order to evaluate the results the descriptive statistical methods (percentage (%), frequency (f) and t-test, one-way ANOVA) were used. As a result, the significant difference was determined regarding digital game addiction [t (931)=-3,76; p=0,00] between the students who participate to the sports activities and who do not. So, the non-participant students found more game addicted. According to the gender, male students were determined more addicted than females [t (931)=9,45; p=0,00]. No significant difference was determined in terms of the place where the students lived (p=0,56, p>0,05). Finally, the significant difference was determined in terms of the income levels, [f (931)=3,07; p=0,01] on behalf of the students who had good income level. They found more addicted.

The aim of this study was to examine the loneliness levels of students at the middle school level and their digitalgame addictions in terms of various variables. The study group consisted of 404 volunteer students in 5th-8th gradein Kutahya, Turkey. As data collection tools, "Digital Game Addiction Scale", developed by Lemmens et al. (2009)and "UCLA Loneliness Scale" developed by Russell et al. (1980) were used. The SPSS package program was usedfor the analysis of the data. According to research findings, it was found that there was a statistically significantdifference between the levels of digital game addiction and loneliness according to participation status to sportsactivities (p<0,05). Moreover, it was found that the levels of both loneliness and digital game addiction of theparticipants to sports activity were lower than non-participating. When gender and age variables were examined, itwas determined that there was a statistically significant difference between digital game addiction, gender, and age(p<0,05), whereas there was no statistically difference between loneliness level and both variables (p>0,05). Inaddition, it was determined that there were a moderate level and positive relationship between the level of lonelinessand digital game addiction of middle school students.

Smartphones provide users much more than a mobile phone. For this reason, smartphones have become very important in our lives. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of smartphone addiction on loneliness levels and academic achievement of Z generation high school students. In 2018-2019 academic year' spring semester, 490 high school students voluntarily participated to this study. As well as demographic information, Smartphone Addiction Scale and UCLA Loneliness Scale were used. In the analyses of the obtained data, IBM SPSS Statistics 24 was used. The relationship between variables was analyzed using Pearson's Correlation analysis. To determine the effect of smartphone addiction on high school students' loneliness and academic achievements, linear regression analysis was used. A positive relationship between Z generation high school students' smartphone addiction and right of monthly GB usage for smartphone, daily internet usage duration, and loneliness levels was determined, whereas there was a negative correlation between their academic achievements. Moreover, it was found that smartphone addiction of Z generation high school students predicted their loneliness and academic achievement at the level of ~4% and ~1%, respectively. These results show that high school students should be saved from smartphone addiction. Thus, loneliness levels can be reduced and academic achievement can be increased.

Öz: Bu çalışmada, sportif rekreasyonel etkinliklere katılan kadınlarda fiziksel görünüş mükemmeliyetçiliği ve psikolojik iyi oluşun öz güven üzerine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, katılımcıların fiziksel görünüş mükemmeliyetçiliğini ölçmek için Yang ve Stoeber (2012) tarafından geliştirilen Kolsallayan (2017) tarafından Türkçe uyarlaması yapılan "Fiziksel Görünüş Mükemmeliyetçiliği Ölçeği", katılımcıların psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerini ölçmek için Diener ve ark. (2009) tarafından geliştirilen Telef (2013) tarafından Türkçe uyarlaması yapılan "Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği" ve katılımcıların öz güven düzeylerini ölçmek için Akın (2007) tarafından geliştirilen "Öz Güven Ölçeği" kullanılmıştır. Örneklem seçiminde kolayda örnekleme yöntemi, verilerin toplanmasında ise yüz yüze anket yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde SPSS paket programı aracılığıyla Pearson Korelasyon ve Regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya, Sakarya ilinde sportif rekreasyonel etkinliklere katılan toplam 210 kadın gönüllü olarak katılım göstermiştir. Araştırma bulguları incelendiğinde, fiziksel görünüş mükemmeliyetçiliği ve psikolojik iyi oluş alt boyutlarının iç ve dış öz güveni istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı olarak etkilediği görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, fiziksel ve psikolojik açıdan kendilerini iyi hisseden kadınların öz güven düzeylerinin artış gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.