We developed a culturally-specific Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to the Ethiopian context and evaluate its validity in comparison to two 24-h dietary recalls (24-HRs) of food and nutrient intake. To evaluate the validity of a culturally-specific FFQ against two 24-HRs, we used a paired t-test, Wilcoxon-signed-rank test, Correlation coefficients, cross-classification, κ and Bland-Altman analysis. The FFQ was obtained 15 d after the second 24-HR was completed. A total of 105 adults, of which 43 (41 %) were men and 62 (59 %) women, aged 20–65 years participated in this present study. Mean energy and macronutrient intake obtained from the FFQ were significantly higher than those obtained from the mean of two 24-HRs. For energy and nutrient intakes, the crude correlation ranged from 0⋅05 (total fat) to 0⋅49 (vitamin B1). The de-attenuated correlation ranged from to 0⋅10 (total fat) to 0⋅80 (vitamin A). For the majority of food groups, no significant difference was observed in the median intake of food and nutrients. Crude correlation for food groups ranged from 0⋅12 (egg) to 0⋅78 (legumes). The de-attenuated correlation ranged from 0⋅24 (egg) to 1⋅00 (meat/poultry/fish and dairy). The FFQ is valid to assess and rank individuals in terms of intake of most food groups according to high and low intake categories.
Background: Only about 39% of infants in the developing countries are exclusively breast-fed for the first six months. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive women were confused about feeding methods. Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) practice of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive mothers is sub-optimal in Ethiopia. Hence, we want to identify the main factors influencing exclusive breast-feeding among HIV positive breast-feeding mothers. Main aims of the study were to assess the level and factors influencing Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) among children born to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive mothers attending public health facilities in western Ethiopia.Methods: A facility based cross sectional study was carried out from September 2017 to June 30, 2018 among Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive mothers with infants aged 6-23 months. Among public health facilities found in three districts from of West, East and Kellem Wollega Zones; thirteen facilities (i.e. 7 health centers and 6 hospitals) were randomly selected from among proving ART and PMTCT Services. Respondents were recruited by systematic random sampling techniques from these facilities using clients registers as sampling frame. Data were collected using face to face interviewer administered pre-tested questionnaire. The data were entered into computers using EPI info Version 3.5.1 and analyzed with SPSS Version 20 for windows. Candidate variables for the final multi-variable model were selected considering P< 0.05 at bivariable analysis. Associations were declared at P< 0.05 by assuming Confidence Intervals did not crossed number ‘1’with corresponding 95%. Results were presented using standard data presentation tools. Results: A total of 218 Human Immune Virus positive mothers were included in this study. Of these, only 122 (56.0%) practiced Exclusive Breast Feeding. The proportion of respondents who initiated Exclusive Breast Feeding within the first hours of delivery were 134 (61.8%). Mean age of the study participants were 28.68 with SD + 4.2. Mothers’ advices on child exclusive breast-feeding [AOR 3, 95% CI (1.2-6.7)], disclosure of HIV status to close friends [AOR 6, 95% CI (1.18-29.64)] and believing HIV can be transmitted during delivery [AOR 5.2, 95% CI (1.10-24.00)] were found to increase the change of exclusive breast-feeding practices among the study participants (P-value < 0.05).Conclusion Slightly more than half of the mothers practiced exclusive breast feeding for the first six months. Care providers should encourage mothers to practice exclusive breast feeding in the first six months and to disclose their test results to their husbands. Efforts should be in place to curb the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission during delivery.
Background: To date, there is no culture-specific and validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) available in Ethiopia. We developed a FFQ and evaluated its validity as compared to estimates of a food group and nutrient intakes derived from two 24-Hour Dietary Recalls (24-HRs).Method: A total of 105 adults, of which 43 (41%) were men and 62 (59%) women aged 20-65 years participated in this study. To evaluate the validity of FFQ against two 24-HRs, we used a paired t-test and Wilcoxon- signed rank test to compare mean and median daily nutrient and food intakes obtained from the averages of the two 24-HRs and the FFQ, correlation coefficients to measure the strength and direction of the correlation, Cross-classification and kappa to assess classification agreement and Bland-Altman analysis for assessing limits of agreement between the two methods.Results: Mean energy and macronutrient intakes obtained from the FFQ were significantly higher than those obtained from the mean of two 24-HRs. For energy and macronutrients, the crude correlation between two instruments ranged from 0.05 (total fat) to 0.32 (carbohydrate). Whereas, for micronutrients, it ranged from 0.1 (calcium) to 0.49 (vitamin B1). The de-attenuated correlation ranged from to 0.10 (total fat) to 0.80 (vitamin A) Visual inspection of the Bland-Altman plots for both energy and macronutrients shows no consistent trend across the intake values. For the majority of the food groups, no significant difference was observed in median intake of foods and nutrients between 24-HRs and FFQ. Crude correlation for food groups ranged from 0.12 (egg) to 0.78 (legumes). The de-attenuated correlation ranged from 0.24 (egg) to 0.10 (Meat/Poultry/Fish). The FFQ showed a fair classification agreement with the 24-HRs for cereals, legumes, and roots and tubers intakes. A systematic trend of overestimation for roots and tubers and under estimation of beverage intakes at higher values was observed when we used FFQ.Conclusion: The FFQ is valid to assess and rank individuals in terms of intakes of most food groups according to high and low intake categories. Individual level validity was acceptable for energy and most nutrients as indicated by de-attenuated correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots. However, group level validity was poor for most nutrients.
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