The maximal velocity of catalysis of CO(2) hydration by human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II) requires proton transfer from zinc-bound water to solution assisted by His 64. The catalytic activity of a site-specific mutant of HCA II in which His 64 is replaced with Ala (H64A HCA II) can be rescued by exogenous proton donors/acceptors, usually derivatives of imidazole and pyridine. X-ray crystallography has identified Trp 5 as a binding site of the rescue agent 4-methylimidazole (4-MI) on H64A HCA II. This binding site overlaps with the "out" position in which His 64 in wild-type HCA II points away from the zinc. Activation by 4-MI as proton donor/acceptor in catalysis was determined in the dehydration direction using (18)O exchange between CO(2) and water and in the hydration direction by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Replacement of Trp 5 by Ala, Leu, or Phe in H64A HCA II had no significant effect on enhancement by 4-MI of maximal rate constants for proton transfer in catalysis to levels near 10(5) s(-1). This high activity for chemical rescue indicates that the binding site of 4-MI at Trp 5 in H64A HCA II appears to be a nonproductive binding site, although it is possible that a similarly effective pathway for proton transfer exists in the mutants lacking Trp 5. Moreover, the data suggest that the out position of His 64 considered alone is not active in proton transfer in HCA II. In contrast to isozyme II, the replacement of Trp 5 by Ala in HCA III abolished chemical rescue of k(cat) by imidazole but left k(cat)/K(m) for hydration unchanged. This demonstrates that Trp 5 contributes to the predominant productive binding site for imidazole, with a maximal level for the rate constant of proton transfer near 10(4) s(-1). This difference in the susceptibility of CA II and III to chemical rescue may be related to the more sterically constrained and electrostatically positive nature of the active site cavity of CA III compared with CA II. The possibility of nonproductive binding sites for exogenous proton donors offers an explanation for the unusually low value of the intrinsic kinetic barrier obtained by application of Marcus theory to chemical rescue of H64A HCA II.

In this study we explored the efficiency of the additive methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (M beta CD) to enhance the activity and enantioselectivity of the serine protease subtilisin Carlsberg in organic solvents. These two parameters, measured for different transesterification reactions and in several solvents, are compared with results obtained by using two additional preparations of the same enzyme: lyophilized powder and cross-linked enzyme crystals (CLEC). The results suggest that co-lyophilization of subtilisin with M beta CD preserves the enzyme's active site tertiary structure rendering a highly active and enantioselective catalyst.