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Well-ordered TiO 2 nanotubes were prepared by the electrochemical anodization of titanium in an ethylene glycol electrolyte containing 1 wt% NH 4 F and 10 wt% H 2 O at 20 V for 20 min, followed by annealing. The surface morphology and crystal structure of the samples were examined as a function of the annealing temperature by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Crystallization of the nanotubes to the anatase phase occurred at 450• C, while rutile formation was observed at 600• C. Disintegration of the nanotubes was observed at 600 • C and the structure vanished completely at 750• C. Electrochemical corrosion studies showed that the annealed nanotubes exhibited higher corrosion resistance than the as-formed nanotubes. The growth of hydroxyapatite on the different TiO 2 nanotubes was also investigated by soaking them in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results indicated that the tubes annealed to a mixture of anatase and rutile was clearly more efficient than that in their amorphous or plain anatase state. The in vitro cell response in terms of cell morphology and proliferation was evaluated using osteoblast cells. The highest cell activity was observed on the TiO 2 nanotubes annealed at 600• C.

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