Background:The success of tissue culture-raised plantlets lies in their transfer from in vitro to in vivo phase as the step of hardening helps to improve the adaptive behavior of in vitro grown plantlets to the natural environment. But the overall success rates are quite low. ResultsThe present research has been done through bio-inoculation of two apple clonal rootstocks viz., G.41 and G.214 during hardening with Phosphate Solubilizing bacteria(B1) containing Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus polymyxawith four concentrations prepared by dissolving 1.0 ml,2.0ml,3.0ml and 4.0ml liquid formulation of Phosphate Solubilizing bacteria solution separately in 10.0 ml distilled water and adding that mixture to ellepot medium with cocopeat moss and Vascular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (B2) containing mycorrhizal propagules @ 60 spores/g with four concentrations prepared by dissolving 1.0 mg,2.0mg,3.0mg and 4.0mg powdered formulation of Vascular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza separately in 10.0 ml distilled water and adding that mixture to ellepot medium with cocopeat moss. Conclusion: After comparing two different bio-inoculants on two different rootstocks, it was found that out of the two rootstocks,G.41 showed maximum hardening with 4.0 ml of Phosphate Solubilizing bacteria than G.214.Meanwhile, G.214 depicted maximum hardening rates with 2.0 mg of Vascular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza than G.214.Thus, a protocol has been standardized for improving the hardening success under in vivo conditions for commercial purposes in both rootstocks.
Genetic improvement of temperate fruit and nut crops through conventional breeding methods is not sufficient alone due to its extreme time-consuming, cost-intensive, and hard-to-handle approach. Again, few other constraints that are associated with these species, viz., their long juvenile period, high heterozygosity, sterility, presence of sexual incompatibility, polyploidy, etc., make their selection and improvement process more complicated. Therefore, to promote precise and accurate selection of plants based on their genotypes, supplement of advanced biotechnological tools, viz., molecular marker approaches along with traditional breeding methods, is highly required in these species. Different markers, especially the molecular ones, enable direct selection of genomic regions governing the trait of interest such as high quality, yield, and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses instead of the trait itself, thus saving the overall time and space and helping screen fruit quality and other related desired traits at early stages. The availability of molecular markers like SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism), DArT (Diversity Arrays Technology) markers, and dense molecular genetic maps in crop plants, including fruit and nut crops, led to a revelation of facts from genetic markers, thus assisting in precise line selection. This review highlighted several aspects of the molecular marker approach that opens up tremendous possibilities to reveal valuable information about genetic diversity and phylogeny to boost the efficacy of selection in temperate fruit crops through genome sequencing and thus cultivar improvement with respect to adaptability and biotic and abiotic stress resistance in temperate fruit and nut species.
Background Considering the phenological aspects, Vitis vinifera has peculiar position in the plant kingdom exhibiting various phenophases from dormancy until senescence viz., budburst, bloom, berry-set, ripening and harvesting. Just like other systems of agriculture and horticulture, grape orchardists and scientists require various types of scales which are convenient, globally accepted, error-free and reliable to study its growth and development. Materials and methods In this study, the details of specific phenological stages of grapevine were measured with the help of Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale. The BBCH-scale employs decimal coding with additional drawings into it for defining the phenology of grapevine with first digit showing principal growth stage of growth and the second digit the secondary stage of growth corresponding to ordinal number or percentage value. Results In this study, the phenological stages of growth in grapevine covering the entire cycle of growth, from with sprouting and ending upon senescence were identified and discussed. The stages are divisible into seven principal growth stages; two representing vegetative phase (sprouting (0) and leaf development (1)) and four stages describing reproductive growth (inflorescence emergence (5), flowering (6), development of fruits (7), ripening of berries (8)) and last stage is for senescence (9) as per BBCH scale. In the principal stages of growth a total of 17 secondary stages of growth Conclusion The phonological growth stages of grapevine have been detailed as per BBCH scale via codings distinguishing its vegetative and reproductive cycle.
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