Verb is one of the most important word classes in linguistic construction due to its prominent role and dynamic nature. Interestingly, the use of verbs in different linguistic contexts might be various because the context can limit or allow certain verbs to occur more frequently than other verbs. It is compelling to study further the use of verbs in a particular linguistic context. This paper thus aims at examining the use of verbs in news section in The Jakarta Post to figure out the frequency of verbs and how it relates to the characteristics of news text. This study compiled The Jakarta Post corpus comprising news articles belong to the category of hard news from October to December 2018 with total size of 21.682 words. The verb types used in this study refer to those compiled by Scheibmann (combining Halliday’s verb taxonomy and Dixon’s verb types). Based on the analysis, it is obvious that verbal type is the most frequent verb type, followed by material and existential. As for the least frequent ones, there are corporeal and perception/relational types. It is plausible that verbal type occupies the most frequent position because the nature of news text is to deliver information and thus it needs to use verbal verbs quite often. Likewise, material verb is frequent because it states concrete action and existential verb denotes existence; both are vital in constructing news text. Meanwhile, corporeal and perception/relational types are least frequent because corporeal deals with bodily gestures actions and perception/relational shows subjectivity. Both verb types are rather insignificant concepts in news writing. Based on the results of analysis, it is obvious that there is a firm relation between frequency of verbs used in news text and the characteristics of the text: linguistic units that are not in accordance with the function of the text are not really needed and thus infrequently used.
Lexical bundles are functional units that are essential to building texts. However, lexical bundles vary due to some aspects, e.g., nativity, professionalism, text genre, etc. This study explored functional categories of lexical bundles in EFL written production, i.e., argumentative essays, focusing on 3-, 4-, and 5-word sequences employed by English major students in Indonesia. The data were taken from a learner corpus comprising 169 argumentative essays with 87.939 tokens. The lexical bundles were identified by using computerized and manual procedures. The identified bundles were then classified into functional categories and subcategories by Hyland. The results show that all functional categories were identified in the learner corpus proving the importance of those functions in students’ essays. Regarding the distribution, research-oriented bundles are the most frequent bundles in the corpus, while text-oriented bundles are the least frequent. Although all functional categories were found, the structuring signals (a subcategory of text-oriented bundles) were absent in the corpus. Moreover, this study found the gap between tokens and types of each bundle function, indicating the restricted variants of bundles used by the learners. Considering the low frequency of text-oriented bundles, the absence of structuring bundles, and restricted bundles, thus the exposure of more lexical bundles serving multiple functions in writing materials is necessary, especially bundles used for organizing and structuring texts.
In linguistic typology, the terms "tense", "aspect", "mood/modality" are commonly used and recognized as verb paradigms or verbal systems (morphosyntactically) as well as verb semantic aspects (semantically) in describing language characteristics. Those terminologies, however, are treated as equivalents, while theoretically they remain problematic. Tense and aspect belong to grammatical categories, while modality is a semantic notion. There is also another term 'mood' that is often misunderstood as the synonym of modality of which they are basically two distinct yet related concepts. This paper then aims at revisiting those terms above by using the terms "temporality', "aspectuality, and "modality" and investigating the realizations of those notions in English and Indonesian in order to obtain comprehensive understanding. This study employed contrastive analysis to compare English and Indonesian. The data were collected from two synchronic corpora, Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) for English data and Wortschatz Leipzig Corpora Collection (WLCC) for Indonesian data. The results of the 1 Naskah ini merupakan bagian kecil dari disertasi penulis pertama-di bawah arahan Prof. Dr. I Dewa Putu Wijana, S.U., M.A., selaku promotor-yang dikontrastifkan dengan bahasa Indonesia, hasil kolaborasi dengan penulis kedua.
The study objective was to test the influence of three factors namely government spending on education, health, and minimum wages on human development index in five selected provinces of Indonesia. The method of analysis is the Panel-data based analysis covering the time period of 2007 to 2016. The study is focused towards five selected provinces in Indonesia including Bangka Belitung, Lampung, Bengkulu, South Sumatra, and Jambi. The results show that government spending on education and health bring positive but insignificant effects on human development index; whereas, minimum wages turned out to be positive and significantly influencing human development index. Overall the HDI average is not much different and there is no discrepancy between provinces in Southern Sumatra from the range of 68 percent to 70 percent. However, of the five provinces in Southern Sumatra, there are two provinces with higher HDI figures than the others, namely Jambi Province and Bangka Belitung Province.
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