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Introduction Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is simple and effective newborn respiratory support. Early use reduces neonatal mortality. Given the high cost of the patented CPAP machines improvised CPAP devices are being used in resource poor settings. Objectives: To ascertain the availability of CPAP devises, its use, and the types used in Nigerian tertiary hospitals. Materials and methods: Ethical clearance and informed consent of respondents were obtained. The questionnaire surveyed the availability of the CPAP, training on provision of respiratory support and device and was administered to consenting participants at the 2015 Paediatric Association of Nigeria conference. Results: 237 questionnaires were returned by respondents representing 54 health facilities from six geopolitical regions of Nigeria. CPAP devise was used in 72% of the evaluated facilities. These were mostly public (87%) tertiary hospitals (76%). Supplemental oxygen (37.6%) was the commonest mode of respiratory support followed distantly by CPAP (3.4%). Improvised CPAP training had been undertaken by 51% but the device was used by 47.7% of the respondents. Only 25.3% of the respondents had patented machines located in 33% of the facilities. Conclusion: The use of patented and improvised CPAP services is high among respondents at the public tertiary health facilities. CPAP services should urgently be taken to lower levels of health care so as to reduce neonatal deaths.

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Background. Despite the increased incidence of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) resulting from the Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) pandemic, there is still significant underreporting of KS in this environment. Objectives. This study was aimed at determining the incidence and clinicopathologic patterns of KS among HIV infected patients in Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Nigeria, over a 14-year period: January 2000 to December 2013. Methodology. The materials for this study included patients' hospital clinical files, duplicate copies of histopathologic reports, and tissue blocks and corresponding archival slides in the Anatomic and Molecular Pathology Department and the HIV/AIDS unit of the Department of Haematology. Results. Within the study period, 182 cases of KS were diagnosed, accounting for 1.2% of all patients managed for HIV/AIDS and 2.99% of solid malignant tumours. The male-to-female ratio and modal age group were 1 : 1.3 and 5th decade, respectively. Most cases (90%) had purely mucocutaneous involvement with the lower limb being the commonest site (65.8%). The majority of lesions were plaques (65.8%). Vascular formation was the predominant histologic type seen (43.5%). Conclusion. KS in Lagos followed the same epidemiologic trend as other centers in Nigeria, with an increasing incidence in this era of HIV/AIDS.

The complications of prematurity are the leading cause of neonatal mortality worldwide, with the highest burden in the low- and middle-income countries of South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. A major driver of this prematurity-related neonatal mortality is respiratory distress syndrome due to immature lungs and surfactant deficiency. The World Health Organization's Every Newborn Action Plan target is for 80% of districts to have resources available to care for small and sick newborns, including premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Evidence-based interventions for respiratory distress syndrome management exist for the peripartum, delivery and neonatal intensive care period- however, cost, resources, and infrastructure limit their availability in low- and middle-income countries. Existing research and implementation gaps include the safe use of antenatal corticosteroid in non-tertiary settings, establishing emergency transportation services from low to high level care facilities, optimized delivery room resuscitation, provision of affordable caffeine and surfactant as well as implementing non-traditional methods of surfactant administration. There is also a need to optimize affordable continuous positive airway pressure devices able to blend oxygen, provide humidity and deliver reliable pressure. If the high prematurity-related neonatal mortality experienced in low- and middle-income countries is to be mitigated, a concerted effort by researchers, implementers and policy developers is required to address these key modalities.