Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative brain disease and the primary cause of dementia. At an early stage, AD is generally characterized by short-term memory impairment, owing to dysfunctions of the cortex and hippocampus. We previously reported that a combination of exercise and 40 Hz light flickering can protect against AD-related neuroinflammation, gamma oscillations, reduction in Aβ, and cognitive decline. Therefore, we sought to extend our previous findings to the 5-month-old 3xTg-AD mouse model to examine whether the same favorable effects occur in earlier stages of cognitive dysfunction. We investigated the effects of 12 weeks of exercise combined with 40-Hz light flickering on cognitive function by analyzing neuroinflammation, mitochondrial function, and neuroplasticity in the hippocampus in a 3xTg-AD mouse model. 5-month-old 3xTg-AD mice performed 12 weeks of exercise with 40-Hz light flickering administered independently and in combination. Spatial learning and memory, long-term memory, hippocampal Aβ, tau, neuroinflammation, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, mitochondrial function, and neuroplasticity, were analyzed. Aβ and tau proteins levels were significantly reduced in the early stage of AD, resulting in protection against cognitive decline by reducing neuroinflammation and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, mitochondrial function improved, apoptosis was reduced, and synapse-related protein expression increased. Overall, exercise with 40-Hz light flickering was significantly more effective than exercise or 40-Hz light flickering alone, and the improvement was comparable to the levels in the non-transgenic aged-match control group. Our results indicate a synergistic effect of exercise and 40-Hz light flickering on pathological improvements in the hippocampus during early AD associated cognitive impairment.
The purpose of this study was to study the student cognition toward the subject of physical education and toward the method of teaching in the class. For the statistical measurement, the population has been chosen as the fifth and sixth grade 319 students(160 male; 159 female) from four different elementary schools in Seoul, Korea. In terms of the teaching method and management of students, the results show that they agree with controlled participation in class and appreciate teachers ability such as explanation, skill demonstration, knowledge, evaluation, maintaining order and participating class. However, there were no statistical difference male and female except for teacher's explanation. This study clearly indicates that the students want more affirmative and cooperative class environment and they expect to be evaluated not only by skill itself, but also by class participation and activity in their physical education class. The cognition and preference toward the class between male and female students did not show any difference in this study.After all, Teachers need to have more understanding, more compassion and more sensitivity towards their elementary students for interesting, effective and affirmative class.
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