The word rudraksha, originated from two Sanskrit words Rudra & Aksha, (Rudra means Lord Shiva, Aksha means Eye). The rudraksha bead is the dried fruit of the tree Elaeocarpus Ganitrus. Rudraksha farming is a difficult process due to the slow sprouting from the beads. Depending on the humidity of the soil, it usually takes 1-2 years for a tree to sprout. Rudraksha is grown in subtropical climatic regions with temperature ranges of 25-30 degree centigrade. The tree starts giving fruit after 7 years. A single Rudraksha tree bears beads in all different faces or mukhis at the same time. The higher mukhis or faces are very rare. Most common Rudraksha bead is the five faceted. The environment an d location of Rudraksha trees plays a major role in the bead formation and the type of bead formed. Rudraksha beads do possess powerful electromagnetic, paramagnetic and inductive properties. The healing powers of the Rudraksha bead are derived from such properties. This study attempts to guide the reader between the various types of Rudraksha Beads and their benefits. Paper also deals with FTIR spectra of Rudraksha Bead. FTIR can be routinely used to identify the functional groups and identification/quality control of raw material/finished products. FTIR spectra of Rudraksha Bead is obtained at room temperature by using an FTIR Spectrophotometer -Perkin Elmer -Spectrum RX-IFTIR. The spectra is collected in a range from 450 to 4000 cm − 1 . Interpretation of FTIR Spectra of Rudraksha Bead shows presence of various functional groups such as Alkane -CH3-C
The present communication highlights the present status of Ichthyofaunal diversity in upper stretches of river Beas. Six fish species viz., Schizothorax richardsonii represented the most dominant species, followed by Oncorhynchus myskiss, Salmo trutta fario, Nemacheilus rupecola and Garra gotyla gotyla, Glyptothorax indicus belonging to 3 orders and 3 families were recorded from the river Beas which indicates poor faunal biodiversity. The study indicates that fishes are endangered due to anthropogenic reasons which include human interference, habitat fragmentation, flow regimes and siltation followed by damming, unethical fishing practices, pollution, etc. Strict management measures with large scale community awareness would be necessary to conserve the fish biodiversity of river Beas.
The exotic beetle Zygogramma bicolorata is an effective biological control agent of Parthenium hysterophorus in India as it feeds mainly on this weed. In the present study the stress of high and low temperature (200C & 350C) as compared to normal (Control at 270C) on the reproductive performance and different life cycle stages of the Mexican beetle Zygograma bicolorata was investigated. Potential fecundity (number of eggs matured) and realized fecundity (number of eggs laid) are both influenced by temperature variation. Fecundity and percent egg viability increased significantly with increase in the temperature from 200C to 27oC and thereafter declined with further increase in temperature. The development and survival of different life stages were also recorded and egg hatching (in days), larval period, pupal period were affected by the temperature variation. The ideal temperature range for the maximum egg laying, high percentage of egg hatching, maximum survival and complete development were recorded at 270C. These findings may be useful in mass rearing of the beetle in laboratory condition.
The paper deals with the reproductive investigations of Arundo donax L. The anther wall development conforms to the Monocot type. Male sterility is related to the abnormal behavior of tapetum. The ovules are bitegmic, campylotropous, tenuicellate, feeble tendency towards pseudo-crassi nucellate. Polygonum types of embryo sac with antipodal complex are noticed.The degenerating zygote has been noticed in the embryo sac indicating that after fertilization further development of the embryo are restricted. Hence seeds are abortive. It mostly reproduces vegetatively by underground rhizomes.
A CdO thin film was prepared using aqueous solutions of cadmium chloride by spray pyrolysis. The substrate temperature was 350 0 C. Thickness of the films was calculated by using Michelson-interferometer. Electrical resistivity calculated by Four-Probe method for the temperature range 300 0 K to 600 0 K. The two distinct regions corresponding to low and high temperature which indicates the presence of shallows and deep traps level were found.
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