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Objective-To assess the performance of the sequential combination of serum CA 125 measurement and ultrasonography in screening for ovarian cancer.Design-The serum CA 125 concentration of each subject was determined and those with a concentration : 30 U/ml were recalled for abdominal ultrasonography. If ultrasonography gave abnormal results surgical investigation was arranged. Volunteers were followed up by annual postal questionnaire.Setting-General practice, occupational health departments, ovarian cancer screening clinic.Subjects-22 000 women volunteers who were postmenopausal and aged over 45 years.Main outcome measures-Apparent sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, years of cancer detected.Results-41 women had a positive screening result and were investigated surgically. 11 had ovarian cancer (true positive result) and 30 had other disorders or no abnormality (false positive result). Of the 21959 volunteers with a negative screening result, eight subsequently presented clinically with ovarian cancer (false negative result) and 21951 had not developed ovarian cancer during follow up (apparent true negative result). The screening protocol achieved a specificity of 99.9%, a positive predictive value of 26.8%, and an apparent sensitivity of 78.6% and 57.9% at one year and two year follow up respectively. The estimated number of years of cancer detected by the prevalence screen was 14 years.Conclusions-This screening protocol is highly specific for ovarian cancer and can detect a substantial proportion ofcases at a preclinical stage. Further investigation is required to determine the effect of the screening protocol on the ratio of early to late stage disease detected and on mortality from ovarian cancer.

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In published trials, CA125 has been utilized to trigger ultrasound examination for the early detection of ovarian cancer. Although serum CA125 levels can be elevated prior to clinical detection of ovarian cancer, only approximately half of patients with stage I disease will have an abnormal value. A combination of CA125, macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) and the mucin marker OVX1 will detect> 95% of stage I patients, but it is not known whether the markers can be elevated prior to clinical detection of the disease. A postmenopausal patient was found to have small unilocular bilateral cystic adnexal lesions during an abdominal ultrasound examination. No pelvic abnormality could be palpated. Serum levels of the CA125 antigen were within the normal range. Progressive ultrasound changes prompted a laparotomy II months later, and the diagnosis of a stage IC serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary was established. A retrospective analysis of stored serum samples revealed that this patient had elevated serum levels of M‐CSF and OVX1 at the time of the original ultrasound scan. Interpreted within the context of a potential screening strategy for ovarian cancer, these data illustrate that either or both of these tumor markers and/or ultrasound could have identified this ovarian cancer many months prior to the actual diagnosis, while the disease was at an early stage.