Nanoparticles are nowadays largely investigated in the field of drug delivery. Among nanoparticles, protein-based particles are of paramount importance since they are natural, biodegradable, biocompatible, and nontoxic. There are several methods to prepare proteins containing nanoparticles, but only a few studies have been dedicated to the preparation of protein- based nanoparticles. Then, the aim of this work was to report on the preparation of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-based nanoparticles using a well-defined nanoprecipitation process. Special attention has been dedicated to a systematic study in order to understand separately the effect of each operating parameter of the method (such as protein concentration, solvent/non-solvent volume ratio, non-solvent injection rate, ionic strength of the buffer solution, pH, and cross-linking) on the colloidal properties of the obtained nanoparticles. In addition, the mixing processes (batch or drop-wise) were also investigated. Using a well-defined formulation, submicron protein-based nanoparticles have been obtained. All prepared particles have been characterized in terms of size, size distribution, morphology, and electrokinetic properties. In addition, the stability of nanoparticles was investigated using Ultraviolet (UV) scan and electrophoresis, and the optimal conditions for preparing BSA nanoparticles by the nanoprecipitation method were concluded.
Several months after the sudden emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2 and COVID‐19, the understanding of the appropriate host immune response to a virus totally unknown of human immune surveillance is still of major importance. By international definition, COVID‐19 falls in the scope of septic syndromes (organ dysfunction due to dysregulated host response to an infection) in which immunosuppression is a significant driver of mortality. Sepsis‐induced immunosuppression is mostly defined and monitored by the measurement of decreased expression of HLA‐DR molecules on circulating monocytes (mHLA‐DR). In this interim review, we summarize the first mHLA‐DR results in COVID‐19 patients. In critically ill patients, results homogenously indicate a decreased mHLA‐DR expression, which, along with profound lymphopenia and other functional alterations, is indicative of a status of immunosuppression. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
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