Background. Atherosclerosis is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the buildup of lipids, cholesterol, calcium, and cellular debris within the intima of the walls of large and medium size arteries. Objective. To evaluate the effect of clopidogrel on atherosclerosis progression. Materials and Methods. A total of 28 local domestic rabbits were assigned to four groups: normal control, atherogenic control, vehicle control, and clopidogrel treated. Serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, plasma high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), and plasma reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured at the end of the experiment. Immunohistochemical of aortic atherosclerotic changes were also performed. Results. There was no statistically significant difference between atherogenic control group and vehicle group. Levels of lipid profile, atherogenic index, hsCRP, and MDA are increased while GSH levels were decreased in animals on atherogenic diet. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that aortic expressions of VCAM-1, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-17A were significantly increased in atherogenic control group. Histopathologic finding showed that animals on atherogenic diet have significant atherosclerotic lesion. Compared to atherogenic control group clopidogrel do not have significant effect on lipid profile. Clopidogrel significantly reduces hsCRP and MDA levels and increases GSH level. Furthermore, clopidogrel treatment significantly reduced aortic expressions parameters and the histopathologic examination of the aortic arch showed a significant reduction of atherosclerotic lesion. Conclusions. This study outlines how clopidogrel reduces lipid peroxidation, systemic inflammation, and aortic expression of inflammatory markers and hence reduces the progression of atherosclerosis.

Introduction. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most commonly diagnosed entrapment neuropathy of the upper extremity. The objective of this study was to diagnose CTS and to assess its severity using high resolution ultrasound (HRUS) depending on the results of nerve conduction study (NCS). Methods. A prospective cross-sectional study, in which HRUS was performed at 63 wrists of 35 female patients with different severity of CTS (as proved by NCS). Furthermore, 40 healthy volunteers (80 wrists) underwent the same tests as the patients and have been chosen to match the patients in gender, age, and body mass index (BMI). The cross section area (CSA) of the median nerve (MN) was obtained using HRUS at the carpal tunnel inlet by direct tracing method. Results. There was a significant difference in the CSA of the MN at the tunnel inlet in CTS patients when compared with the control group. In fact, the CSA of the control group showed a significant difference from each of patients subgroups. Furthermore, a significant difference in the CSA was seen in between these subgroups. In conclusion, the US examination of the MN seems to be a promising method in diagnosing and grading of carpal tunnel syndrome.

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Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy in upper limbs. It affects women more frequently than men. CTS can be caused by many different systemic diseases and local mechanical conditions and it had signs and symptoms due to compression of median nerve at the carpal tunnel in wrist. Objective: The present study aims to study whether Transthyretin (TTR) gene polymorphisms have association with the development of FCTS. Methods: Sixty-four patients suffering from CTS were enrolled in this controlled cross sectional study. For all, nerve conduction study was performed to prove the diagnosis of CTS and to classify its severity. The mean age of all patients was 44.9±7.8 years, 89.1 % were female, 37.5 % had mild type CTS and 40.7 % had right side CTS. 3 mL of peripheral blood was collected from all patients which is a labeled (EDTA) tube at -20 C° for DNA extraction to identify a particular SNP (rs28933979; 148G/A; V50M) that locates at position chr18:31592974 on the exon-2 region which is reported to be associated to the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Exon-2 of TTR gene was amplified using the PCR technique and subjected to be tested for presence of SNP by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assay. Results and Conclusion: According to genetic variation, the study cannot discover any TTR gene polymorphism that back to FCTS.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is regarded as most frequent entrapment neuropathy in upper extremities with high prevalence in females. It is a multi-factorial disease that had signs and symptoms due to compression of median nerve at the carpal tunnel in wrist, although may be asymptomatic. Immune system has been recognized as the main factor of neuropathic pain. Regulated on Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) is among the cytokines that revealed a dysregulated pattern of neuropathy specific cytokine profile in CTS and, in human, it is encoded by CCL5 gene. Sixty-four patients suffering from CTS were enrolled in this controlled cross sectional study. For all, nerve conduction study was performed to prove the diagnosis of CTS and to classify its severity. The mean age of all patients was 44.9±7.8 years, 89.1 % were female, 40.7% had mild type CTS and 40.7 % had right side CTS. 5 ml blood was obtained from each participant to measure the level of serum RANTES using specific ELISA kit. There was significant high RANTES levels in CTS patients when compared with its reference value. We conclude that RANTES level increases in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and can be used as a predictor for its diagnosis despite its proposed neuroprotective role.

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