The demand for more sophisticated Location Based Services (LBS) in terms of applications variety and accuracy is tripling every year since the emergence of the smartphone few years ago. Equally, smartphone manufacturers are mounting several wireless communication and localization technologies, inertial sensors as well as powerful processing capability to cater for such LBS applications. Hybrid of some wireless technologies is needed to provide seamless localization solutions and to improve accuracy, to reduce time to fix, and to reduce power consumption. The review of localization techniques/technologies of this emerging field is therefore important. This paper reviews the recent research-oriented and commercial localization solutions on smartphones. The focus of this paper is on the implementation challenges associated with utilizing these positioning solutions on Android-based smartphones. Furthermore, taxonomy of smartphone-location techniques is highlighted with a special focus on the detail of each technique and their hybridization. The comparative study of the paper compares the indoor localization techniques based on the accuracy, the utilized wireless technology, overhead and the used localization technique. The pursuit for achieving ubiquitous localization outdoors and indoors for critical LBS applications such as security and safety shall dominate future research efforts.

Secure wireless connectivity between mobile devices and financial/commercial establishments is mature, and so is the security of remote authentication for mCommerce. However, the current techniques are open for hacking, false misrepresentation, replay and other attacks. This is because of the lack of real-time and current-precise-location in the authentication process. This paper proposes a new technique that includes freshly-generated real-time personal biometric data of the client and present-position of the mobile device used by the client to perform the mCommerce so to form a real-time biometric representation to authenticate any remote transaction. A fresh GPS fix generates the "time and location" to stamp the biometric data freshly captured to produce a single, real-time biometric representation on the mobile device. A trusted Certification Authority (CA) acts as an independent authenticator of such client's claimed realtime location and his/her provided fresh biometric data. Thus eliminates the necessity of user enrolment with many mCommerce services and application providers. This CA can also "independently from the client" and "at that instant of time" collect the client's mobile device "time and location" from the cellular network operator so to compare with the received information, together with the client's stored biometric information. Finally, to preserve the client's location privacy and to eliminate the possibility of cross-application client tracking, this paper proposes shielding the real location of the mobile device used prior to submission to the CA or authenticators.

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