The addition of NAM to therapy with phosphate binders is effective in lowering phosphorus levels and has a beneficial effect on the lipid profile with only mild side effects.

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Pharmacist-initiated pharmaceutical care improved the satisfaction and biochemical findings of patients on hemodialysis.

Background: Hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in end-stage kidney disease. We evaluated the effects of ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibition on biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in hypertensive children with end-stage kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 135 (72 males/63 females) children and adolescents (age 7–15 years) were randomly assigned to treatment with either 2.5 mg once daily ramipril (n=68) or placebo (n=67) for 16 weeks. Primary outcome were the serum concentrations of asymmetrical dimethylarginine, a marker of endothelial dysfunction and hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), a marker of inflammation. Changes in IL-6 (interleukin-6), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), systolic (S), and diastolic (D) blood pressure were secondary outcomes. Change in potassium levels and incidence of hyperkalemia were among the safety parameters. Results: Ramipril, but not placebo, significantly reduced serum levels of asymmetrical dimethylarginine (−79.6%; P <0.001), hs-CRP (−46.5%; P <0.001), IL-6 (−27.1%; P <0.001), and TNF-α (−51.7%; P <0.001). Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were significantly lowered in both groups with a greater reduction in children receiving ramipril (median between-group differences −12.0 [95% CI −18.0 to −9.5] and −9.0 [95% CI −12.0 to −4.5]; P <0.001, respectively). Changes in asymmetrical dimethylarginine, hs-CRP, IL-6, or TNF-α in the ramipril group did not significantly correlate with blood pressure reductions. No severe cases of hyperkalemia or other serious treatment-associated adverse events were observed. Conclusions: Ramipril improves biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in hypertensive children on maintenance hemodialysis in addition to its efficacious and safe potential to lower blood pressure. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT04582097.

Background Nephrotic syndrome is one of the most common chronic kidney diseases in children. Steroid sensitive type (SSNS) constitutes about 85–90%, whereas steroid-resistant type (SRNS) only 15–20% (Mickinney et al. Pediatr Nephrol 16:1040-1044, 2001). While MCD is the most common histopathology in SS type, children with SRNS have MCD, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, or focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (International Study Kidney Disease in children, Kidney Int 20;765-771, 1981). SRNS is defined as those who do not show remission after 6 weeks and standard dose of oral steroids ± 3 IV MPD doses (Trautmann et al. Pediatr Nephrol 35:1529-1561, 2020). Objectives These national adapted guidelines aim to frame evidence-based recommendations adopted or adapted from the IPNA 2020, KDIGO 2021, and Japanese 2014 de novo guidelines for diagnosis and management of nephrotic children to be presented in two manuscripts: (1) steroid sensitive (SSNS) and (2) steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). Methodology Formulation of key questions was followed with a review of literature guided by our appraised guidelines using AGREE plus appraisal tool. Virtual monthly meetings all through the year 2021 were activated  for reviewing and validation of final adaptation evidence-based draft, considering all comments of external reviewers including KDIGO assigned reviewer. Discussion Rationale behind the selection of adopted statements and tailoring of others to suit our local facilities, expertise, and our local disease profile was discussed in the text with reasons. Conclusion The provided guidelines aim to optimize patient care and outcome and suggest research areas lacking validated research recommendations.

<italic>Background:</italic>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem in the pediatric population. Patients with CKD die of cardiovascular causes rather than from renal disease. There are several traditional and non-traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in these patients. Endothelial dysfunction is one of the non-traditional risk factors for CVD. Many studies have shown the ability of omega-3 fatty acids to improve the endothelial function and reduce the cardiovascular events in the general population. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on markers of endothelial dysfunction in children with CKD on regular hemodialysis (HD). <italic>Methods and procedures:</italic> This double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial included 49 pediatric patients on maintenance HD. Group 1 (n=25) received 1 g omega-3 capsule once daily and group 2 (n=24) received 1 g matched placebo capsule once daily. Both groups were treated for four months. Blood samples were taken from patients of both groups at baseline and after 4 months of supplementation. Serum samples were examined for C-reactive protein (CRP) and nitric oxide (NO) levels as markers of endothelial dysfunction. <italic>Results:</italic> Our results showed that CRP was reduced insignificantly in omega-3 group. NO levels showed no significant differences between groups at the end of the study. <italic>Conclusion:</italic> The administration of 1 g omega-3 capsule once daily for 4 months had no beneficial effects neither on CRP nor NO but should evaluate more.

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