Одним из наиболее представительных погребальных памятников Южного Зауралья золотоордынского периода является Ишкуловский II могильник в Абезелиловском районе Республики Башкортостан. Курган 1 исследован Ю.А. Морозовым в 1983 г., курганы 2-12-В.А. Ивановым в 1984 г. Общепринятая датировка-XIII-XIV века. Ишкуловские II курганы относятся к числу курганов с каменными конструкциями, аналогии которым известны среди погребальных памятников Прибайкалья и Забайкалья, принадлежащих монголам. Могильник отражает процесс кыпчакизации и исламизации монголов, о чем свидетельствует сосуществование погребений с северной и западной ориентировкой, с вещами и без вещей. Ишкуловский II могильник, очевидно, связан с Ишкуловским селищем, исследованным К.В. Сальниковым в 1951 г. и определенным как башкирская стоянка XI-XV вв. Носители этих памятников могли быть предками восходящего к монгольскому племени кереит рода гэрэй, вошедшего в состав башкир-кыпчаков. От гэрэй-кыпчаков отделился род карагай, поселившийся в верховьях Белой и Урала, где и находится Ишкуловский II могильник. Миграция его носителей в предгорья Южного Урала могла быть связана с наступившей в Золотой Орде в третьей четверти XIV века эпохой «великой замятни», когда различным кочевым группам, потерпевшим поражение в междоусобной борьбе, пришлось искать убежище на северной периферии Дешт-и Кыпчака.
The object of the study is the burials in the decks of medieval nomads of the Eurasian steppes. Only eight such burials are known in Bashkortostan. The subject of the study is the Bashkir-Berkut burial ground in the Kugarchinsky district. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the funeral rite, inventory, dating. The monument was investigated by N. A. Mazhitov: in 1968 two earthen mounds containing one burial in a wooden block with the orientation of a person with his head to the west were opened, in 1969 another earthen mound containing a similar burial with the orientation of a person with his head to the northeast was opened. All three burials with belongings did not contain horse bones. The monument dates from the second half of the XIII – first half of the XIV century. Special attention is paid to the wide distribution of burials in decks among the Turkic and Mongolian tribes of Southern Siberia of the late I – early and middle II millenniums. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the conclusion that according to all the main features of the funeral rite and clothing inventory, the Bashkir-Berkut mounds are close to the mounds of the Kipchaks of the Middle Irtysh region of the XI-XII centuries. The novelty of the research lies in establishing the connection of the Bashkir-Berkut burial ground with the Polovtsian tribe of Turkic-Mongolian origin Toksaba. The burial ground is located in the area of settlement of the southern group of Kipchak clans as part of the Bashkirs, the basis of this group is the Kara-Kipchak clan, dating back to the Toksobichi, whose horde in the XII century roamed the steppes between the Volga and the Dnieper, and in the XIII century entered into an alliance with the Mongols. The resettlement of the Kipchaks from the right to the left bank of the Volga is reported by Shezhere, legends and legends of the Bashkirs. The migration of the Polovtsians to the Southern Urals could be connected with the return of the Mongols from the campaign to Europe and the suppression of the uprising of local peoples.
The object of the study is the adoption of Islam by the population of the Southern Ural. The subject of the study is the question of the time of the adoption of Islam in the territory of modern Bashkortostan – the largest region of the Southern Urals. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the historiography of the issue, the spread of Islam among Bashkirs according to narrative sources – information from foreign travelers and Bashkir legends, archaeological sites with a Muslim funeral rite. In historiography, the question of the time of the adoption of Islam by Bashkirs has been repeatedly revised in the direction of antiquity. Narrative sources link the Islamization of Bashkirs with the activities of missionaries from Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde. In archeology, the spread of Islam on the territory of Bashkortostan is associated with the Chiyalik culture of the XII-XIV centuries. Special attention is paid to the funerary monuments of the nomadic population of steppe origin, dated XIII-XV centuries. Having settled in the land of Bashkirs, the nomads converted to Islam. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is a comparative analysis of the "pagan" and Muslim burials of the XIII-XV centuries, identified within the republic. A total of 84 burials were recorded. Of these, 31 burials were performed according to the "pagan" rite, dated XIII-XIV centuries., 53 burials were performed according to the Muslim rite, dated XIV-XV centuries. It is concluded that the archaeological data correspond to written sources reporting the adoption of Islam in Bashkiria in the XIV century. The novelty of the study lies in clarifying the dating of the three main stages of Islamization of the region's population. The penetration of Islam into the Bashkir environment occurs in the pre–Mongol period, the spread of Islam – in the Golden Horde period, the establishment of Islam - after the XV century. The process of Islamization ends with the disappearance of the burial burial rite and the transition to the modern Muslim funeral rite. Voluntary entry into Russia guaranteed Bashkirs freedom of religion.
Городище Уфа-III было открыто П. Ф. Ищериковым в 1954 г. в историческом центре г. Уфы. Археологические раскопки проведены на памятнике М. Х. Садыковой в 1969 г. Результаты исследований автором раскопок не были опубликованы. Работа посвящена публикации керамической коллекции Нового времени археологического памятника "городище Уфа-III" из раскопок М. Х. Садыковой 1969 г. В статье приводится история археологического изучения памятника. В ходе работы создана типология керамической серии памятника. Керамика Нового времени представлена пятью различными формами сосудов, отличающихся конструктивными особенностями, и датируется XVIII-XIX вв. Адрес статьи: www.
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