Disentangling individual-and population-level variation in migratory movements is necessary for understanding migration at the species level. However, very few studies have analyzed these patterns across large portions of species' distributions. We compiled a large telemetry dataset on the globally endangered Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus (94 individuals, 188 completed migratory journeys), tracked across ∼70% of the species' global range, to analyze spatial and temporal variability of migratory movements within and among individuals and populations. We found high migratory connectivity at large spatial scales (i.e., different subpopulations showed little overlap in wintering areas), but very diffuse migratory connectivity within subpopulations, with wintering ranges up to 4,000 km apart for birds breeding in the same region and each subpopulation visiting up to 28 countries (44 in total). Additionally, Egyptian Phipps et al. Egyptian Vulture Migration Flexibility Vultures exhibited a high level of variability at the subpopulation level and flexibility at the individual level in basic migration parameters. Subpopulations differed significantly in travel distance and straightness of migratory movements, while differences in migration speed and duration differed as much between seasons and among individuals within subpopulations as between subpopulations. The total distances of the migrations completed by individuals from the Balkans and Caucasus were up to twice as long and less direct than those in Western Europe, and consequently were longer in duration, despite faster migration speeds. These differences appear to be largely attributable to more numerous and wider geographic barriers (water bodies) along the eastern flyway. We also found that adult spring migrations to Western Europe and the Balkans were longer and slower than fall migrations. We encourage further research to assess the underlying mechanisms for these differences and the extent to which environmental change could affect Egyptian Vulture movement ecology and population trends.
РезюмеВ статье анализируются признаки для идентификации трёх евразийских подвидов чёрного коршуна (Milvus migrans) -европейского чёрного коршуна M. m. migrans, сибирского чёрного или черноухого коршуна M. migrans lineatus и индийского чёрного коршуна M. migrans govinda, обсуждается распространение подви-дов, зоны интерградации, вариации признаков и правомерность отнесения птиц по ряду признаков к тому или иному подвиду. В статье приведены первые убедительные доказательства встречи индийского чёрного коршуна в гнездовом ареале черноухого коршуна в Южной Сибири. Озвучено предположение о привнесении чуждых для lineatus фенотипических признаков в его сибирские популяции не со стороны migrans, а со стороны govinda. Ключевые слова: пернатые хищники, хищные птицы, западный чёрный коршун, европейский чёрный кор-шун, Milvus migrans migrans, сибирский чёрный коршун, черноухий коршун, M. migrans lineatus, индо-малай-ский подвид чёрного коршуна, индийский чёрный коршун, M. migrans govinda, подвиды, зоны интерградации, Южная Сибирь. Поступила в редакцию 12.03.2017 г. Принята к публикации 20.03.2017 г. AbstractThe article analyzes identification signs of 3 Eurasian subspecies of a Black Kite (Milvus migrans) -European Black Kite M. m. migrans, Siberian Black Kite or Black-Eared Kite M. migrans lineatus and Pariah Kite M. migrans govinda, discusses the distribution of subspecies, intergradations zones, variation of signs and validity of the belonging of birds to a particular subspecies in a number of characteristics. The article gives the first convincing evidences of govinda presence in lineatus breeding range in Southern Siberia. The hypothesis has been stated about introduction of phenotypic characteristics strange for lineatus into its Siberian populations not from migrans, but from govinda.
Long‐distance migrations are among the most physically demanding feats animals perform. Understanding the potential costs and benefits of such behaviour is a fundamental question in ecology and evolution. A hypothetical cost of migration should be outweighed by higher productivity and/or higher annual survival, but few studies on migratory species have been able to directly quantify patterns of survival throughout the full annual cycle and across the majority of a species’ range. Here, we use telemetry data from 220 migratory Egyptian vultures Neophron percnopterus, tracked for 3,186 bird months and across approximately 70% of the species’ global distribution, to test for differences in survival throughout the annual cycle. We estimated monthly survival probability relative to migration and latitude using a multi‐event capture–recapture model in a Bayesian framework that accounted for age, origin, subpopulation and the uncertainty of classifying fates from tracking data. We found lower survival during migration compared to stationary periods (β = −0.816; 95% credible interval: −1.290 to −0.318) and higher survival on non‐breeding grounds at southern latitudes (<25°N; β = 0.664; 0.076–1.319) compared to on breeding grounds. Survival was also higher for individuals originating from Western Europe (β = 0.664; 0.110–1.330) as compared to further east in Europe and Asia, and improved with age (β = 0.030; 0.020–0.042). Anthropogenic mortalities accounted for half of the mortalities with a known cause and occurred mainly in northern latitudes. Many juveniles drowned in the Mediterranean Sea on their first autumn migration while there were few confirmed mortalities in the Sahara Desert, indicating that migration barriers are likely species‐specific. Our study advances the understanding of important fitness trade‐offs associated with long‐distance migration. We conclude that there is lower survival associated with migration, but that this may be offset by higher non‐breeding survival at lower latitudes. We found more human‐caused mortality farther north, and suggest that increasing anthropogenic mortality could disrupt the delicate migration trade‐off balance. Research to investigate further potential benefits of migration (e.g. differential productivity across latitudes) could clarify how migration evolved and how migrants may persist in a rapidly changing world.
The gene mcr-1 conferring resistance to last-line antibiotic colistin has been reported globally. Here, we describe the first detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Russian wildlife, an isolate of Escherichia coli sequence type 2280 from a black kite (Milvus migrans) scavenging raptor. Whole-genome sequencing and plasmid transferability experiments revealed that mcr-1.1 was located on conjugative IncI2 plasmid pDR164 (59891 bp). Migratory black kites may contribute to the global spread of mobile colistin resistance.
Резюме В статье приведены результаты мониторинга популяции сокола-балобана (Falco cherrug) в 2014 г. в Алтае-Саянском регионе. В Красноярском крае, республиках Хакасия, Тыва и Алтай осмотрено 112 гнездовых участков балобанов (28,9 % от общего количества известных в настоящее время в Алтае-Саянском регионе), 94 из которых оказались занятыми птицами и на 44 гнездовых участках зарегистрировано успешное размножение. Из посещавшихся участков 6 были выявлены впервые, 7-восстановились в пределах прежних исчезнувших участков, на 11 участках балобаны перестали регистрироваться в 2014 г. Также были осмотрены 25 гнездовых участков балобана в Алтайском крае 4 из которых оказались занятыми и 3-успешными. Оценка численности балобана с учётом экспертных оценок по состоянию на 2014 г. составила 1237-1473, в среднем 1355 территориальных пар, при этом-618-736, в среднем 677 успешных пар. Негативный тренд за последние 12 лет мониторинга составил-26 %, при этом последние 3 года динамика численности балобана положительная за счёт роста его численности в Туве-+2 % по региону в целом. В Алтайском крае численность балобана оценена в 34-45, в среднем 39 территориальных пар, при этом-17-22, в среднем 19 успешных пар. Негативный тренд за последние 12 лет мониторинга составил-67 %, причём боровая популяция вида практически исчезла.
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