A multitude of plants from the Brazilian savanna are known for their medicinal properties. Many plants contain endophytic fungi, which lead to the production of bioactive compounds by both the fungi and their hosts. This study investigated the bioprospecting of endophytic fungi recovered from the leaves of Palicourea rigida, a native medicinal plant of the Brazilian savanna. Four fungal taxa (Colletotrichum sp. SXS649, Pestalotiopsis sp. SXS650, the order Botryosphaeriales SXS651, and Diaporthe sp. SXS652) were recovered. The phenolic, flavonoid, extracellular degrading enzymes (amylase, cellulase, protease, and tannase) and antioxidant activity of these taxa were determined. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity showed that the Botryosphaeriales SXS651 extract displays a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 23.20 mg mL‒1 against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the Diaporthe sp. SXS652 extract exhibited an MIC of 27.00 mg mL−1 against Escherichia coli. The Colletotrichum sp. SXS649 isolate inhibited tumors in potato discs by 69% at a concentration of 9.70 mg mL‒1. All isolates had potential bioremediation criteria against soil contaminated with soybean oil, as proved by a high percentage of germination of Lactuca sativa and a reduction in phytotoxicity. Furthermore, the taxa under investigation demonstrated antagonistic action to phytopathogenic fungi, namely, Aspergillus niger, Inonotus rickii, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae, and Coniophora puteana, with an inhibition range between 34.2% and 76.9%. The preliminary toxicity assessment showed that all isolates possessed an LC50 of less than 100 mg mL‒1 to the microcrustacean Artemia salina. These results indicate that the endophytic fungi of the Brazilian savanna are promising candidates for biotechnological and industrial applications and, in agricultural applications, for the biological control of phytopathogenic fungi.
Resumo Antioxidantes são substâncias naturais ou sintéticas que facilitam o retardo da oxidação por um ou mais mecanismos, como sequestrar radicais livres, inibir a peroxidação lipídica e complexar com metais, inibindo a destruição tecidual via oxidação. Antioxidantes são comumente usados na alimentação animal e na indústria alimentícia para prevenir a oxidação de produtos de origem animal. Além disso, os oxidantes naturais estão sendo cada vez mais aplicados na reprodução animal, principalmente na preservação do sêmen. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo revisar a aplicação de antioxidantes naturais na reprodução animal. Observamos que os antioxidantes naturais foram geralmente adquiridos comercialmente (80,4%) e utilizados principalmente no resfriamento/congelamento de sêmen (72%) com resultados promissores (90%) em Sus scrofa (javali), Capra aegagrus hircus (cabra), Gallus gallus domesticus (galo) e Ovis aries (carneiro). No entanto, mais estudos devem ser realizados para ajudar a regular a dosagem de antioxidantes naturais para sua aplicação.
INTRODUÇÃO: A criptococose é uma patologia sistêmica decorrente da ação de leveduras do gênero Cryptococcus sp., em particular, as espécies C. neoformans e C. gattii. A doença acomete inicialmente os pulmões, todavia, os fungos apresentam forte tropismo para o tecido cerebral ocasionando a meningite criptocócica. Fatores como a atividade da cápsula proteica e as enzimas sintetizadas pelo fungo corroboram para a instauração da doença e, além disso, são parâmetros utilizados em testes laboratoriais para a detecção dos patógenos em amostras biológicas. OBJETIVO: Descrever os fatores comumente associados ao desenvolvimento da meningite criptocócica e os testes laboratoriais utilizados na detecção dos patógenos. METODOLOGIA: Este é um estudo exploratório, mediado por pesquisa bibliográfica, com trabalhos produzidos entre os anos 2000 e 2016, com ênfase na descrição dos aspectos funcionais, epidemiológicos e laboratoriais da doença. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: A criptococose é fortemente influenciada pela ação da cápsula proteica e enzimas como a fosfolipase e urease. O procedimento laboratorial mais utilizado é a pesquisa do fungo em ágar Sabouraud, visto que o meio canavanina-glicina-azul de bromotimol (CGB) pode ser executado em segundo plano. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo dos fatores que reforçam a patogenicidade da meningite fúngica pode auxiliar na elaboração de futuras medidas terapêuticas direcionadas para o controle das taxas de mortalidade humana. Palavras-chave: Cryptococcus neoformans. Meningite. Meningite criptocócica. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Cryptococcosis is a systemic disorder resulting from the Cryptococcus sp. action, in particular, the species C. neoformans and C. gattii. The disease initially affects the lungs, however, fungi have strong tropism for the brain tissue causing cryptococcal meningitis. Factors such as the activity of the protein capsule and enzymes synthesized by the fungus to confirm the establishment of the disease and, furthermore, are parameters used in laboratory tests for detecting pathogens in biological samples. OBJECTIVE: To describe the factors commonly associated with the development of cryptococcal meningitis and the laboratory tests used in the detection of pathogens. METHODOLOGY: This is an exploratory study, mediated by literature, with works produced between 2000 and 2016, with emphasis on the description of the functional, laboratory and epidemiological aspects of the disease. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Cryptococcosis is strongly influenced by the action of the protein capsule and enzymes like phospholipase and urease. The most common laboratory procedure is the fungus research in Sabouraud agar, since the middle bromothymol canavanine-glycine-blue (CGB) can be run in the background. CONCLUSION: The study of the factors that enhance the pathogenicity of fungal meningitis can assist in the development of future therapeutic measures aimed to control mortality rates. Keywords: Cryptococcus neoformans. Meningitis. Cryptococcal meningitis.
Antioxidants are natural or synthetic substances that delay oxidation through one or more mechanisms, such as scavenging free radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and complexing with metals, inhibiting tissue destruction via oxidation. Antioxidants are commonly used in animal feed and the food industry to prevent the oxidation of animal-origin products. Moreover, natural oxidants are used increasingly in animal reproduction, especially for semen preservation. In this context, this study aimed to review the applications of natural antioxidants in animal reproduction. We observed that the bulk of the natural antioxidants, approximately 80.4%, were commercially acquired and used mainly for semen cooling/freezing (72%) with promising results (90%) in Sus scrofa (boar), Capra aegagrus hircus (goat), Gallus gallus domesticus (rooster), and Ovis aries (ram). However, further studies are needed to help determine the appropriate dosage of natural antioxidants for applications.
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