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Plant sterol and stanol esters were separated on a Luna hexyl-phenyl column using a gradient of acetonitrile (90-100%) in water. The eluted compounds were detected by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-mass spectroscopy (MS) in the positive mode. Sterol and stanol esters produced [M + H - HOOCR](+) ions. Application of the hyphenated technique-LC-MS-allowed differentiation between a number of esters of sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and (tentatively) avenasterol, as well as sitostanol and campestanol esters. With cholesteryl decanoate used as the internal standard, the method showed good linearity, precision, and reproducibility. The method required minimal sample pretreatment and can be applied to samples with high water content (juices) as well as samples with high oil content (margarine spreads). The method could be useful for the analysis of sterol and stanol esters in fortified food products.

Abstract— We evaluated the methyl anthranilate‐based bird repellent, ReJeX‐iT TP‐40™ (TP‐40), for 1) its toxicity to channel catfish fingerlings (catfish), Ictalurus punctatus; 2) its effect on great blue heron (heron), Ardea herodias feeding behavior; 3) its efficacy in reducing heron predation on catfish; and 4) its effects on catfish growth. TP‐40 effectively maintained MA concentrations near the water's surface and below toxic levels for catfish in the water column. Water samples collected from 0.03 and 0.35 m below the surface of catfish rearing tanks (6,664 L) treated at application rates up to the equivalent of 200 kg/ha contained less than 5 ppm active ingredient, which is less than the no observable effect limit for catfish fry. No treatment‐related mortality of catfish was observed. Handling times of catfish fingerlings captured by herons from tubs treated with TP‐40 initially increased at application rates of 19.6 kgha or greater but decreased as a function of the number of catfish captured. Under simulated aquaculture conditions, TP‐40 did not affect the number of catfish eaten by herons from ponds treated at surface application rates of 0, 2, 22, and 220 kglha. TP‐40 had no affect on the time herons spent handling live or dead catfish. Ponds treated with TP‐40 at 220 kgha had a 46% increase in visibility (secchi disk method) and a 58% reduction in total suspended solids, suggesting the formulation was phytotoxic. TP‐40 did not affect fish growth. Analysis of individual behavior showed that herons may have habituated or become indifferent to the effects of the repellent after repeated exposure. Under the conditions of the study, herons did not maintain their body weight unless catfish were made available by disease or supplemental feeding, suggesting that herons may be inefficient at capturing healthy catfish. Surface applications of TP‐40 at 20 to 220 kg/ha were not effective in limiting predation by herons.

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Both groups failed to habituate to the Zanthoxylum stimuli. Wafers treated with the NVA fraction and wafers paired with the volatile constituents of extract were avoided throughout the 10 test days.