A cost-effective, compact and high-performance antenna element for beamforming applications in all 5G New Radio bands in the [24.25-29.5] GHz spectrum is proposed. The novel antenna topology adopts a square patch, an edge-plated air-filled cavity, and an hourglass-shaped aperture-coupled feed to achieve a very high efficiency over a wide frequency band in a compact footprint (0.48λ0 × 0.48λ0). Its compliance with standard PCB fabrication technology, without complex multi-layer PCB stack, ensures low-cost fabrication. The antenna feedplane offers a platform for compact integration of active electronic circuitry. Two different modular 1×4 antenna arrays were realized to demonstrate its suitability for broadband multi-antenna systems. Measurements of the fabricated antenna element and the antenna array prototypes revealed a -10-dB impedance bandwidth of 7.15 GHz (26.8%) and 8.2 GHz (30.83%), resp. The stand-alone antenna features a stable peak gain of 7.4 ± 0.6 dBi in the [24.25-29.5] GHz band and a measured total efficiency of at least 85%. The 1×4 array provides a peak gain of 10.1 ± 0.7 dBi and enables grating-lobe-free beamsteering from -50 • to 50 • .
Beyond-5G wireless systems require significant improvement to enable the Internet of Everything, offering ultrareliability, ultra-low-latency and high data-rates for holographic telepresence, immersive augmented and virtual reality, and cyber-physical systems in Industry 4.0. The mmWave frequency band (30 GHz-300 GHz) provides the required bandwidths, but very challenging propagation conditions exist. Conventional co-located multi-antenna systems counter higher path loss, but are insufficient in challenging real-life scenarios with frequent non-line-of-sight conditions. For distributed massive MIMO systems or large intelligent surfaces, we advocate optically-enabled distributed antenna systems (DAS) to alleviate these issues. To ensure tight synchronization and scalability, we propose a mmWave-over-fiber based architecture with low-complexity high-performance remote antenna units (RAUs). Strategically distributing and integrating RAUs in the user equipments' environment yield high throughput and reliable coverage. We demonstrate a mmWave-over-fiber DAS yielding multi-Gbps mmWave communication in a harsh indoor environment with non-line-of-sight conditions, measuring wireless data rates up to 24 Gbps, by selecting the RAU yielding the best link quality, and up to 48 Gbps, by leveraging distributed MIMO techniques.
Exploring mmWave frequencies and adopting smallcell architectures are two key enablers for increased wireless data rates. To make these evolutions economically viable, centralized architectures based on radio-over-fiber (RoF) are devised. To reduce the complexity of the cellular network even further, RF-over-Fiber transmission schemes are adopted in combination with reflective uplink operation. This paper relies on a very low complexity narrowband GaAs electronics / Si photonics transceiver for scalable RFoF architectures with which we demonstrate a fiber-wireless link capable of transmitting over 7 Gb/s in down-and uplink for a 2 km fiber and 5 m wireless link in the 28 GHz band. Furthermore, it is shown that Rayleigh degradation caused by reflective uplink operation can be avoided by using a coherent detection scheme.
A textile patch antenna is an attractive package for wearable applications as it offers flexibility, less weight, easy integration into the garment and better comfort to the wearer. When it comes to wearability, above all, comfort comes ahead of the rest of the properties. The air permeability and the water vapor permeability of textiles are linked to the thermophysiological comfort of the wearer as they help to improve the breathability of textiles. This paper includes the construction of a breathable textile rectangular ring microstrip patch antenna with improved water vapor permeability. A selection of high air permeable conductive fabrics and 3-dimensional knitted spacer dielectric substrates was made to ensure better water vapor permeability of the breathable textile rectangular ring microstrip patch antenna. To further improve the water vapor permeability of the breathable textile rectangular ring microstrip patch antenna, a novel approach of inserting a large number of small-sized holes of 1 mm diameter in the conductive layers (the patch and the ground plane) of the antenna was adopted. Besides this, the insertion of a large number of small-sized holes improved the flexibility of the rectangular ring microstrip patch antenna. The result was a breathable perforated (with small-sized holes) textile rectangular ring microstrip patch antenna with the water vapor permeability as high as 5296.70 g/m2 per day, an air permeability as high as 510 mm/s, and with radiation gains being 4.2 dBi and 5.4 dBi in the E-plane and H-plane, respectively. The antenna was designed to resonate for the Industrial, Scientific and Medical band at a specific 2.45 GHz frequency.
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