Esters are demanded in a varied range of human industries and, although the classical methods for their production have been known since the late 19th century, the search for improved and sustainable protocols to prepare this class of compounds is yet invaluable. An efficient, fast and straightforward method has been stablished, using TsOH and EtOAc for the acetylation of primary alcohols, with yields ranging from 81 to 98 %, depending on the groups near the hydroxyl group. A slight variation of the protocol might also be applied to secondary alcohols with moderate to high yields (65 to 91 %). Finally, the methodology can be used to selectively acetylate primary and secondary alcohols in the presence of tertiary or phenolic hydroxyl groups.
Lepidoptera is the second larger order of Insecta Class. Lepidopteran which feed of species of the Arecaceae family are notorious for the damage they cause, attacking a range from seedlings to the fruit. There are several control methods used against these pest insets, and among them, chemical pesticides are the most explored. Biological and mechanical control are also relevant, but they require a large number of trained workers. Behaviour modulation through chemical communication, using pheromones, stands out with a great potential to sustainably control insect populations. Pheromones have already been identified in lepidopteran pest which infest Arecaceae plants, they are mainly female-produced compounds, and belong to the sexual and contact types. The majority of pheromone compounds identified to this date are classified as Types I and II (unsaturated C10–C18 alcohols and their derivatives; and unsaturated C17–C25 hydrocarbons and their epoxides, respectively) with rare occurrences of Types 0 (short-chain secondary alcohols) and 3 (methyl-branched structures). Considering the vast quantity of lepidopteran species that attack this family and the economic impacts they generate, the present work aggregates the current knowledge on pheromones used the Integrated Pest Management of lepidopteran insects that damage palm plant species, and discusses both the compounds already applied in the field and the promising one that must yet to be tested.
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