This paper focuses on the use of satellite communication systems for the support of Internet of Things (IoT). We refer to the IoT paradigm as the means to collect data from sensors or RFID and to send control messages to actuators. In many application scenarios, sensors and actuators are distributed over a very wide area, in some cases they are located in remote areas where they are not served by terrestrial access networks and, as a consequence, the use of satellite communication systems becomes of paramount importance for the Internet of Remote Things (IoRT). The enabling factors of IoRT through satellite are: 1) the interoperability between satellite systems and sensors/actuators; 2) the support of IPv6 over satellite. Furthermore, radio resource management algorithms are required to enhance the efficiency of IoT over satellite. In this work we provide an integrated view of satellitebased IoT, handling this topic as a jigsaw puzzle where the pieces to be assembled are represented by the following topics: MAC protocols for satellite routed sensor networks, efficient IPv6 support, heterogeneous networks interoperability, quality of service management, group-based communications. Index Terms-Internet of Remote Things (IoRT), Internet of Things (IoT), Machine to Machine (M2M) communications, satellite communications, Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN).

Every mission into deep space has a communications system to carry commands and other information from Earth to a spacecraft or to a remote planet and to return scientific data to Earth [1]. Communications systems are central to the success of space missions. Large amounts of data need to be transferred (for example, nearly 25 TB in 2013 concerning the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)), and the demand will grow in the future [1] because of the employment of more sophisticated instruments that will generate more data. This will require the availability of high network transfer rates. Satellite systems already have to cope with difficult communication challenges: long round trip times (RTTs); the likelihood of data loss due to errors on the communication link; possible channel disruptions; and coverage issues at high latitudes and in challenging terrain. These problems are magnified in space communications characterized by huge distances among network nodes, which imply extremely long delays and intermittent connectivity. At the same time, a space communications system must be reliable over time due to the long duration of space missions. Moreover, the importance of enabling Internet-like communications with space vehicles is increasing, realizing the concept of extended Future Internet, an IP (Internet Protocol) pervasive network of networks including interplanetary communication [2], where a wide variety of science information values are acquired through sensors and transmitted.The Delay-and Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) architecture [3] introduces an overlay protocol that interfaces with either the transport layer or lower layers. Each node of the DTN architecture can store information for a long time before forwarding it. Thanks to these features, a DTN is particularly suited to cope with the challenges imposed by space communication. As summarized in [4], the origin of the DTN concept lies in a generalization of requirements identified for interplanetary networking (IPN), where latencies that may reach the order of tens of minutes, as well as limited and highly asymmetric bandwidth, must be faced.However, other scenarios in planetary networking, called "challenged networks," such as military tactical networking, sparse sensor networks, and networking in developing or otherwise communications-challenged regions, can also benefit from the DTN solution. Delays and disruptions can be handled at each DTN hop in a path between a sender and a destination. Nodes on the path can provide the storage necessary for data in transit before forwarding it to the next node on the path. In consequence, the contemporaneous end-to-end connectivity that Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and other standard Internet transport protocols require in order to reliably transfer application data is not required.In practice, in standard TCP/IP networks, ABSTRACTDelay-and Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs) are based on an overlay protocol and on the store-carry-forward paradigm. In practice, each DTN node can store information for a...

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This paper is not a survey related to generic wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which have been largely treated in a number of survey papers addressing more focused issues; rather, it specifically addresses architectural aspects related to WSNs in some way connected with a satellite link, a topic that presents challenging interworking aspects. The main objective is to provide an overview of the potential role of a satellite segment in future WSNs. In this perspective, requirements of the most meaningful WSN applications have been drawn and matched to characteristics of various satellite/space systems in order to identify suitable integrated configurations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Rehabilitation and elderly monitoring for active aging can benefit from Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities in particular for in-home treatments. In this paper, we consider two functions useful for such treatments: 1) activity recognition (AR) and 2) movement recognition (MR). The former is aimed at detecting if a patient is idle, still, walking, running, going up/down the stairs, or cycling; the latter individuates specific movements often required for physical rehabilitation, such as arm circles, arm presses, arm twist, curls, seaweed, and shoulder rolls. Smartphones are the reference platforms being equipped with an accelerometer sensor and elements of the IoT. The work surveys and compares accelerometer signals classification methods to enable IoT for the aforementioned functions. The considered methods are support vector machines (SVMs), decision trees, and dynamic time warping. A comparison of the methods has been proposed to highlight their performance: all the techniques have good recognition accuracies and, among them, the SVM-based approaches show an accuracy above 90% in the case of AR and above 99% in the case of MR

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Indoor localization of targets by using electromagnetic waves has attracted a lot of attention in the last few years. Thanks to the wide availability of electromagnetic sources deployed for various applications (e.g., WiFi), nowadays it is possible to perform this task by using low-cost mobile devices, such as smartphones. To this end, in order to achieve high positioning accuracy and reduce the computational resources used in the position estimation, fingerprinting approaches are usually employed. However, in this case, a time-consuming training phase, where a great number of measurements must be performed, is needed. In this letter, a novel approach, where the training data are obtained by means of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations of the electromagnetic propagation in the considered scenario, is presented. The performances of the method are assessed by means of experimental results in a real scenario.

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