A ZTEM (Z Tipper Axis Electromagnetic) airborne AFMAG survey was conducted over the Pampa Lirima geothermal project where a number of other ground geophysical surveys had been previously undertaken, including magnetotelluric (MT) soundings. The ZTEM survey at Pampa Lirima overflew the area for comparison. The ZTEM results appear to correlate well with previous geophysics and the known geology, including known fault structures and contacts, as well as a prominent conductivity high over the Lirima hot spring field. 2D-3D inversions of the airborne ZTEM appear to agree quite well with 3D inversion of ground MT for shallower depths (<2km), in particular the conductive clay-cap attributed to the deep 3D MT conductive heat source and a resistive NE-SW lineament that extends between the Lirima and San Andrés hot springs.
En este trabajo se exploran las narrativas de jóvenes jaliscienses, de entre 15 y 29 años, que habitan el Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara (ZMG), México,ante la COVID-19. La investigación es de corte cualitativo y se realizó entre marzo de 2020 y marzo de 2021. Entre los hallazgos principales se tienen: la profundización de las desigualdades juveniles; la importancia de lo tecno-digital para la producción de las subjetividades juveniles (a la par de una inesperada tendencia al desapego mediático); y la ineficacia simbólica del discurso institucional-gubernamental en términos del afianzamiento de la seguridad ontológica de la juventud.
The hydric resource coming from groundwater has a strategic nature at global scale, within a context of overpopulation and over exploitation of the resource and climate change. Chile doesn’t scape to it, where climate models predict a drought for most of the country, including partially, the agriculture region of the Central Valley between Santiago and Puerto Montt. The adaption process to global change demands the exploration new sources of provisions of this resource, being strategic the one coming from aquifers. To date, the knowledge of these resources is limited to depths below 200 m in each aquifer. However, in the Central Valley between Santiago and Chiloé, the geophysical evidences allow to infer the existence of a thick volcano-sedimentary basin growing in thickness southward well above 500m, with good potential for occurrence of large groundwater resources. The characterization of deep aquifers, 200-1,000 m of depth, demands to have an exploration tool economic, non-invasive, and reliable, able to be applied in semi-urban and rural environments, where the water resource need is higher. The geophysical methodologies meet these characteristics and have been applied in Chile and elsewhere as an exploration tool of ground water resources. However, its application have not been described in Andean environments, of large population and/or agro-industrial activity. In consequence, the present work raises a methodological strategy for the characterization of groundwater resources, in particular for the detection of deep resources. We propose the application of a combination of complementary geophysical techniques, including electrical, electromagnetic, and gravimetric methods (to determine the aquifer geometry) along with complementary techniques, like magnetometry, to reduce interpretation ambiguity and , constrained by hydrogeological information and petrophysics of rocks and sediments of the basin and basement. Complementary, we include an analysis of the potential effects of cultural noise and its effects on geophysical observations, given the focus of exploration in semi-urban and rural places. With the aim to validate the proposed methodology we use as a case study the aquifer of Ñuble river, in the Ñuble region, Chile. This aquifer properly represents an Andean forearc environment in rural and semi-urban condition, and potentially hosting a deep seated aquifer. The results allow the characterization of an aquifer with hydrogeological potential between 50 and 300-500 depth, overlying a sedimentary basin of more than 1,000 m thickness. The application of the proposed methodology for the exploration of groundwater resources will provide, in consequence, the recognition of a vital relevance resource for the sustainability of Chile during the following decades.
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