This paper presents a non-invasive technical analysis of the degradation of four lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in extreme frigid weather. In contrast to other studies in which the batteries were tested in laboratory conditions, the LIBs studied in this paper were aged in a real application, more specifically in the WindSled project. In this project, an expedition was made using a zero-emission vehicle drawn by kites, covering more than 2500 kilometers on the East Antarctic Plateau. The study performed in this paper aims to quantify the degradation of the LIBs during the expedition. The results show a 5 % capacity fade, a 30 % increase in the internal resistance and no substantial increase in the impedance of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI). Moreover, no evidence of dendrite growth at the anode is inferred by the interpretation of the distribution of relaxation times (DRT), incremental capacity analysis (ICA) and differential voltage analysis (DV). Based on these results, it can be claimed that the LIBs used in the WindSled Project can successfully operate under -50 ºC. Furthermore, since non-invasive techniques were used to characterize the batteries, they can still be used in upcoming expeditions, with subsequent financial and environmental benefits.
This contribution presents a technical analysis of the Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in the WindSled project. In this project, an expedition has been carried out by means of a 0-emission vehicle that have covered more than 2500 kilometers in Antarctica Eastern Plateau pulled by kites. This adventure allowed the performance of 10 scientific experiments with a minimal disturbance of the polar environment. The required electricity for the survival and the scientific experimentation was delivered by flexible PV panels installed on the sled and commercial LIBs. The study performed in this contribution aims at the quantification of the LIBs degradation after the expedition. The results show a capacity fade of 5 % and an internal resistance increase of 30 %. Based on these results, it can be claimed that the LIBs used in the WindSled Project can successfully operate under −40 ºC. Moreover, these batteries can be used in upcoming expeditions, entailing an improvement from an economical and environmental point of view compared to primary batteries.
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