This study reveals the current problems and prospects of developing shale oil and gas industries in the USA, Canada, Mexico, Poland, Russia, China, India, and Australia. This approach allows a comprehensive and wide view on the industry and its geography. A brief review of the technologies implemented in the shale industry is provided. The key aim of the paper is to compare the hydrocarbon market conjuncture and economic environment (including financial), in the above-mentioned states, in order to reveal the factors contributing to the development of the industry. The methodology is based on the statistical estimation of the extraction, exports, and reserves of extractable shale hydrocarbons. The analysis given allows the forecast and estimation of the economic effects and external institutional effects of shale hydrocarbon extraction. It also contributes to the evaluation of the prospects of shale industry development in America, the EU, Russia, and the Asia-Pacific region. In accordance with the overall impact the shale revolution has had on the economies, environmental conditions, and societies of the chosen countries, recommendations are provided. The authors develop three scenarios for the future of the shale industry. The most probable scenario is a slower dissemination of horizontal drilling, as well as tight oil and shale gas extraction, with the decline of conventional reserve volumes.
The article is devoted to revealing the main problems and prospects of the energy industry on the Balkan Peninsula. Due to the lack of natural resources and the low ecology standards of current energy production, reforms in the sphere are needed. There are two main approaches to these reforms that are pinpointed by the authors in the article: the development of shale resources, that is cheaper and the development of alternative energy, that is much more eco-friendly. In order to specify the path, that a Balkan country is likely to choose, the countries are divided into groups by geographical conditions and the synthesis of geographical, ecological and energy data results in a complex analysis of the energy production prospects in the region. The authors develop a special index, demonstrating the difficulty of energy production development in the region. Based on this index, the strategies to overcome the problems in the industry are offered. Special attention is payed to grouping the measures for the first and second group of countries, in which they were divided by geographical conditions. The key findings include the mentioned index, the strategies for the countries and the development of financial model of cooperation with international organizations without undermining the fragile peace in the region.
The issues of green energy and sustainable development are one of the most discussed and most important today in face of the global challenges, such as global warming, greenhouse emissions, degradation of the ecology etc. In this regard, green energy is obviously a necessary part of the energy policy of a country. Still, economic crises and instability have led to the necessity to form a sustainable economy; hence the crossing of the two mentioned policies leads to the necessity to figure out what sustainable green energy is. The issues of green energy are very important for the developing economies, which are highly limited in financial resources. The countries of Latin America are among the ones which face significant issues in this sphere. The article is devoted to the formulation of this concept and to the proof that sustainable energy development is individual for every country. The scope of the research is the Latin American region, within the years since 2000. The authors conducted a regression analysis of the GDPs of several countries, namely, Bra-zil, Argentina, Peru and Colombia and their green energy sectors, and formulated conclusions on sustainable energy sources in these countries. The key findings include the proof of sustainable green energy sources for every researched country and the strategies for the improvement of these countries' renewable energy sector performance. The novelty of the article encompasses the methodology used and the concept of sustainable renewable energy.
Today Australia is one of the main mineral resources exporters in Asia. Besides, the country possesses huge reserves of shale oil and gas. The estimation of these resources extraction potential without any harm to country’s ecology and society is one of the key aims of this article. The authors research an export and import dynamic of hydrocarbon by Australia with the aim to identify an economic effect from the beginning of shale oil extraction in 2011. Besides, according to expert community’s opinion, there is the emission dynamic of carbon dioxide, which is one of the key factors, determining the environment pollution after the beginning of shale oil extraction in Australia. The major challenge of the article is to estimate the difficulty in real correlation between the ecology and the financial benefits for the economy, as these two factors are loosely connected and the index of additional harm to wildlife and people cannot be directly calculated in financial losses. The major contribution of the article is the development and comparison of the two scenarios of oil extraction and exports with or without frocking bans in Australia. The authors come to the conclusion that positive effects from shale oil and gas extraction for country’s economy do not surpass negative effects for ecology; thus, the authors suggest to use the shale oil reserves only as the strategic resource for economic recovery after crises and at the present moment it should be to realize the shale oil extraction in test mode.
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