amalgamates the top-down and bottom-up approaches to BE management. Achieving the goal of successful blue growth in Africa is now even more challenged by the implications of COVID-19 on the BE sectors. Reimagining and rebuilding a resilient BE in Africa post-coronavirus will require a strong political commitment to promoting a balance between economic, social and environmental benefits in line with the African Union's Agenda 2063 and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.

Okafor-Yarwood, I. (2019). Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, and the complexities of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) for countries in the Gulf of Guinea.

No abstract

Fish makes a significant contribution to the food security of millions of people in the Gulf of Guinea, accounting for up to 80 per cent of the animal protein, and sometimes is the only source of thereof, consumed in coastal communities across the region, including those in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. However, such contribution is increasingly undermined by unsustainable practices that are harmful to the marine environment such as pollution, illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and by climate change. This paper focuses on the role that pollution from oil spillages plays in damaging the marine environment, thereby exacerbating food insecurity in the region. Using the Bonga Oil Field spillage example, the paper exposes, from a policy perspective, the manner in which the shortcomings of existing environmental regulations and their implementation in Nigeria weaken efforts for a sustainable marine environment and, by extension, threatens the food security of coastal communities.

and Senegal, as well as members of coastal communities in the aforementioned states. Many experts gave their time to discuss their experiences in the region, which was key to providing an unbiased representation of the issues addressed. Specific informants are not named in order to protect their anonymity, but the list of organizations consulted in the creation of the report includes the following, in addition to others who wish not to be named. The authors extend sincere deepest thanks to those who contributed to the report.