The literature presents a review of the current application of lean and green practices and highlights the context, barriers, drivers, tools, and critical success factors and tools for the integration of lean and green practices within the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) manufacturing industry. In addition, the current state, gaps in the existing literature, and future perspectives on the current challenges of the industry have been suggested for the integration of both paradigm and sustainability of the industry. Integration of lean-green provides means to addressing issues faced by manufacturing industries for improved competitiveness. This study demonstrates that the application of lean and green practice is critical to be identified and applied within the region through the analysis of research papers published in both operational and sustainability journals. The findings of this review indicate that the synergy of lean and green practices is an effective initiative for resolving the operational and sustainability challenges of the manufacturing industry within SSA. To achieve operational excellence and mitigate environmental concerns, industries must implement the right tools and consider the critical success factors. By applying appropriate tools and models, the SSA region can address the current challenges and achieve a reduction in cost significantly.
Personalisation and privacy of products generally do not depend on valuable trends for new technology companies, such as 3D printing, helping this trend to develop further. Companies that offer production systems for technology are essential, rather than demanding support for the Industrial Product-Service System (IPSS). This study is a relatively contemporary concept. That demonstrates the paradigm shift in how a business intelligence company trades. The central indicator of innovation is open to promoting the process of opening to the outside world. Open and perfect innovation will be a more messy communication, participation and decentralisation with innovation rather than an original, innovative sculptor when companies and others succeed in applying the most revealing innovations. This will modify and process existing innovation systems in the region. This article presents a method based on two key concepts that use rapid prototyping and other product development processes. In this research, 3D printers can benefit the product development chain. The main result is a reduction in time and cost, which can avoid future losses in the process due to the speed of production, which helps to get the prototype in the early stages of the project due to the flexibility of new technologies. Such phenomena have been developed, and the assessment of technology for creating a reserve cost structure is unique in the IPSS pasture. Companies that calculate costs and investments can improve the effort and quality of their products for free.
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