The potential beneficial effects of plant-based diets on human health have been extensively studied. However, the evidence regarding the health effects of extracted plant-based proteins as functional ingredients, other than soya, is scarce. The aim of this review was to compile evidence on the effects of extracted protein from a wide range of traditional and novel plant sources on glycemic responses, appetite, body weight, metabolic, cardiovascular and muscle health. A comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) was conducted through 23 and 27 March 2020 for randomized controlled trials that featured any of the following 18 plant protein sources: alfalfa, duckweed, buckwheat, chickpea, fava bean, hemp, lentil, lupin, mushroom, oat, pea, potato, pumpkin, quinoa, rapeseed, rice, sacha inchi, sunflower. Only interventions that investigated concentrated, isolated or hydrolysed forms of dietary protein were included. Searched health outcome measures were: change in blood glucose, insulin, satiety hormones concentration, subjective assessment of appetite/satiety, change in blood lipids concentration, blood pressure, body weight and muscle health parameters. Acute and sub-chronic studies were considered for inclusion. Applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach we identified 1190 records. Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Plant protein sources used in interventions were most often pea (n = 16), followed by lupin (n = 4), fava bean (n = 2), rice (n = 2), oat (n = 2), hemp (n = 2) and lentil (n = 1). Satiety and postprandial glycemic response were the most frequently reported health outcomes (n = 18), followed by blood lipids (n = 6), muscle health (n = 5), body weight (n = 5) and blood pressure (n = 4). No studies on the remaining plant proteins in the extracted form were identified through the search. Most studies confirmed the health-promoting effect of identified extracted plant protein sources across glycemic, appetite, cardiovascular and muscular outcomes when compared to baseline or non-protein control. However, the current evidence is still not sufficient to formulate explicit dietary recommendations. In general, the effects of plant protein were comparable (but not superior) to protein originating from animals. This is still a promising finding, suggesting that the desired health effects can be achieved with more sustainable, plant alternatives. More methodologically homogenous research is needed to formulate and validate evidence-based health claims for plant protein ingredients. The relevance of these findings are discussed for the food sector with supporting market trends.
Purpose: To quantify net glycogen utilisation in the vastus lateralis (VL) and gastrocnemius (G) of male (n=11) and female (n=10) recreationally active runners during three outdoor training sessions. Methods: After 2 days standardisation of carbohydrate (CHO) intakes (6 g.kg -1 body mass per day), glycogen was assessed before and after 1) a 10-mile road run (10-mile) at lactate threshold, 2) 8 x 800 m track intervals (8 x 800 m) at velocity at V O2max and 3) 3 x 10 minute track intervals (3 x 10 min) at lactate turnpoint. Results: Resting glycogen concentration was lower in the G of females compared with males (P<0.001) though no sex differences were apparent in the VL (P=0.40). Within the G and VL of males, net glycogen utilisation differed between training sessions where 10-mile was greater than both track sessions (all comparisons, P<0.05). In contrast, net glycogen utilisation in females was not different between training sessions in either muscle (all comparisons, P>0.05). Net glycogen utilisation was greater in males than females in both VL (P=0.02) and G (P=0.07) during the 10-mile road run. With the exception of males during the 3 x 10 min protocol (P=0.28), greater absolute glycogen utilisation was observed in the G versus the VL muscle in both males and females and during all training protocols (all comparisons, P<0.05). Conclusion: Data demonstrate 1) prolonged steady state running necessitates a greater glycogen requirement than shorter but higher intensity track running sessions, 2) females display evidence of reduced resting muscle glycogen concentration and net muscle glycogen utilisation when compared with males and 3), net glycogen utilisation is higher in the gastrocnemius muscle compared with the vastus lateralis.
For improving human health, reformulation can be a tool as it allows individuals to consume products of choice while reducing intake of less desirable nutrients, such as sugars and fats, and potentially increasing intake of beneficial nutrients such as fibre. The potential effects of reformulating foods with increased fibre on diet and on health needs to be better understood. The objective of this statistical modelling study was to understand how fibre enrichment can affect the diet and health of consumers. The UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) datasets from 2014 - 2015 and 2015 - 2016 were utilised to evaluate intakes of fibre and Kilocalories with a dietary intake model. Foods and beverages eligible for fibre enrichment were identified (n = 915) based on EU legislation for fibre content claims. Those people who meet Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) and fibre enrichment health outcomes such as weight, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes risk reductions were quantified pre and post fibre reformulation via Reynolds et al, D’Agostino et al, and QDiabetes algorithms, respectively. The fibre enrichment intervention showed a mean fibre intake in the UK of 19.9 g/day, signifying a 2.2 g/day increase from baseline. Modelling suggested that 5.9% of subjects could achieve a weight reduction, 72.2% a reduction in cardiovascular risk, and 71.7% a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes risk with fibre fortification (all p ≤ 0.05). This study gave a good overview of the potential public health benefits of reformulating food products using a straightforward enrichment scenario.
Soluble corn fiber (SCF) has demonstrated prebiotic effects in clinical studies. Using an in vitro mucosal simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (M-SHIME®) model, the effects of SCF treatment on colonic microbiota composition and metabolic activity and on host-microbiome interactions were evaluated using fecal samples from healthy donors of different ages (baby [≤ 2 years], n = 4; adult [18–45 years], n = 2; elderly [70 years], n = 1). During the 3-week treatment period, M-SHIME® systems were supplemented with SCF daily (baby, 1.5, 3, or 4.5 g/d; adult, 3 or 8.5 g/d; and elderly, 8.5 g/d). M-SHIME® supernatants were evaluated for their effect on the intestinal epithelial cell barrier and inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide. (LPS)-stimulated cells. Additionally, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and microbial community composition were assessed. In the baby and adult models, M-SHIME® supernatants from SCF treated vessels protected Caco-2 membrane integrity from LPS-induced damage. SCF treatment resulted in the expansion of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Bifidobacterial, as well as increased SCFA production in all age groups. SCF tended to have the greatest effect on propionate production. These findings demonstrate the prebiotic potential of SCF in babies, adults, and the elderly and provide insight into the mechanisms behind the observed prebiotic effects.
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