Aim: To evaluate the role of gray scale ultrasonography (US) and real time elastosonography (RTE) in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Materials and methods: Both wrists of 18 healthy volunteers (n=36) formed the control group (Group 1) and 19 symptomatic outpatients of the neurology clinic constituted the patient group. According to nerve conduction study results, cases with mild CTS (n=15) formed Group 2; cases with moderate to severe CTS (n=20) formed Group 3. Cross sectional area (CSA) and strain ratio (SR) were measured at carpal tunnel inlet (CTI) and 4 cm proximal to the distal end of the radius (P). CSA and SR change score (CSA CTI -CSA P ; SR CTI -SR P ), CSA and SR ratio score (CSA CTI / CSA P ; SR CTI / SR P ) were calculated.

Objective: Tracheal diverticulum (DV) is an incidental finding in thoracic computed tomography examinations. Tracheal DV may be associated with chronic cough and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A few studies have investigated the relationship between tracheal DV and COPD. There is still no consensus on the relationship. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of tracheal DV and its coexistence with bronchial DV and hyperaeration. Materials and Methods:For the study, 299 patients from a total number of 12 800 patients who underwent a thoracic computed tomography examination were included. Tracheal diverticula were evaluated for localization, size, contour, wall thickness and communication with the tracheal lumen. The association of tracheal DV with bronchial DV and hyperaeration was also noted. The relationship between tracheal DV and hyperaeration was analyzed. Results:Of the 299 patients, a total of 412 tracheal diverticula were observed. Out of these, 148 of the tracheal diverticula were in females, and 264 of the tracheal diverticula were in male patients. The incidence of tracheal DV was determined to be 2.38% in this study. In total, 400 of the tracheal diverticula (97.1%) were located at the right posterolateral aspect of the trachea, and 320 of the tracheal diverticula were associated with hyperaeration. There was no significant relation between the tracheal DV and hyperaeration. However, 84 of 412 tracheal diverticula had a bronchial DV, and 72 of 84 of these bronchial DV were associated with COPD. Statistical analysis indicated a significant correlation with COPD and bronchial DV (p<0.05). Conclusion:Tracheal DV is often asymptomatic and mostly located in the right posterolateral aspect of the trachea. Tracheal DV is more common in men than in women. The incidence of tracheal DV was 2.38% in this study. Our data demonstrate that there was no significant association between tracheal DV and COPD. However, there was a significant association between subcarinal bronchial DV and COPD.Key Words: Bronchi, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, computed tomography, diverticula, trachea ÖzetAmaç: Trakeal divertiküller, toraks bilgisayarlı tomografi incelemesinde insidental olarak saptanır. Kronik öksürük ya da kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalıkları ile birlikte görülebilir. Literatürde trakeal divertikül ve kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalıkları arasındaki ilişkiyi araştı-ran az sayıda çalışma olmakla birlikte çalışmalar arasında hala çelişki bulunmaktadır. Bizim bu çalışma ile amacımız trakeal divertiküllerin insidansını ve trakeal divertikülün, bronşial divertikül ve havalanma fazlalığı ile ilişkisini araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem:Kasım 2009-2011 tarihleri arasında toplamda 12 800 hastaya toraks bilgisayarlı tomografisi yapıldı ve çalışmaya sadece 299 olgu dahil edildi. Trakeal divertiküllerin lokalizasyonu, boyutu, konturu, duvar kalınlığı ve trakea lümeni ile ilişkisi değerlendirildi. Ayrıca bronşial divertikül ve havalanma fazlalığı ile ilişkisi araştırıldı. İstatikse...

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the dimensional characteristics and variations in the origin of vertebral arteries (VA). Materials and methods: (Folia Morphol 2016; 75, 1: 33-37)

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MRI is useful in detecting RLRV and circumaortic left renal vein. If a left renal vein variation is detected, an additional BTFE-BH SENSE sequence is suggested to confirm whether it is retroaortic or circumaortic.

Instead of using either sequences alone owing to low sensitivity and specificity rates, combined use of MRI techniques could easily improve the detection and staging of prostate cancer.

Objective: The study aimed to investigate anatomical variations in branching pattern and anatomy of the aortic arch, and the prevalence of each type. Methods: Between September 2011 and November 2013, angiographic studies of 270 patients (144 male, 126 female) were analyzed retrospectively for variations in branching pattern and anatomy of the aortic arch. Patient mean age was 59.8 years (range, 13-88). Branching variations were found and divided into subtypes. Patients were also classified according to arch anatomy. Incidence of variations and types of aortic arch were statistically analysed. Results: Analysis of the 270 patients revealed six types of branching pattern. Type I, classical pattern arch with three branches (TB, LCC, LS), was observed in 198 cases (73.3%). Type II (bovine arch), the most commonly observed variation, in which LCC originates from TB, was observed in 58 cases (21.5%). Type III, in which the left vertebral artery arises from the arch, was seen in seven cases (2.6%). Type IV, a combination of types II and III, was observed in three cases (1.1%). Type V, common origin of common carotids, LS and aberrant RS, was found in three cases (1.1%). Type VI (avian type), arch with only two branches, was observed in one case (0.4%). When patients were classified according to aortic arch anatomy, Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 were observed in 195, 40 and 35 patients respectively. Conclusion: Knowledge of the variations and anatomy of the aortic arch is essential during interventional procedures and neck-thorax surgery.

Background: Malignancy is correlated with stiffness which is assessed by real time elastosonography (RTE). RTE is not used in routine practice. We aimed to establish the learning curve of RTE on radiology residents. Methods: Forty ≥1 cm solitary thyroid nodules referred to fine needle aspiration cytology were examined with RTE by a radiology specialist and two radiology residents separately. Patients with malignant and undetermined FNAC findings underwent surgery. Strain ratio and elasticity score results of the radiology residents were compared to the results of the radiology specialist taking the histopathology results as the reference. To establish the learning curve and compare the diagnostic accuracy of residents, Receiver Operating Characteric curves were generated and Area Under the Curve were calculated. Results: Thirty-four nodules were benign and the others were malignant. The radiology specialist had a very high correct class prediction for the differentiation of benign versus malignant thyroid nodules. Statistical analysis of the strain ratio measurements showed that one of the residents had similar results with the radiology specialist after the seventh patient and the other one after the fourth patient. On the other hand the elasticity score measurements of all examiners had low correct class prediction. Conclusions: Strain ratio measurement by RTE is an easily learned sonographic method that can assist in the evaluation of benign versus malignant nature of the lesions. However, interpretation of the elasticity scores requires more expertise. The results of this preliminary study need to be verified with a larger sample population.