In a retrospective study, we found significant association between serum levels of anti-tumor necrosis factor agents and level of mucosal healing. We propose that serum levels of 6-10 μg/mL for infliximab and 8-12 μg/mL for adalimumab are required to achieve mucosal healing in 80%-90% of patients with IBD, and that this could be considered as a "therapeutic window." Exceeding these levels produces only a negligible gain in proportion of patients with mucosal healing.

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The performance of artificial intelligence-aided colonoscopy (AIAC) in a real-world setting has not been described. We compared adenoma and polyp detection rates (ADR/PDR) in a 6-month period before (pre-AIAC) and after introduction of AIAC (GI Genius, Medtronic) in all endoscopy suites in our large-volume center. The ADR and PDR in the AIAC group was lower compared with those in the pre-AIAC group (30.3% vs 35.2%, P < 0.001; 36.5% vs 40.9%, P = 0.004, respectively); procedure time was significantly shorter in the AIAC group. In summary, introduction of AIAC did not result in performance improvement in our large-center cohort, raising important questions on AI-human interactions in medicine.