Acute Graft-versus-Host-Disease (aGvHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). We previously showed that early CD4+ T-cell reconstitution (CD4+IR) predicts survival after HCT. Here, we studied the relation between CD4+ IR and survival in patients who developed aGvHD. Pediatric patients receiving their first allogeneic HCT at the UMC Utrecht / Princess Máxima Center (UMC/PMC) or Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK), were included. Primary outcomes were non-relapse mortality (NRM) and overall survival (OS), stratified for aGvHD and CD4+IR; defined as ³50 CD4+ T-cells/uL within 100 days after HCT, or prior to aGvHD onset. Multivariate and time-to-event Cox Proportional Hazard models were applied. 591 Patients (N= 276 UMC/PMC; N= 315 MSK) were included. NRM in patients with aGvHD grade III-IV with or without CD4+IR within 100 days after HCT was 30% vs 80% (p=0.02) at UMC/PMC and 5% vs 67% (p=0.02) at MSK. This associated with lower OS without CD4+IR; 61% vs. 20% (p=0.04) at UMC/PMC, and 75% vs. 33% (p=0.12) at MSK. Inadequate CD4+IR prior to aGvHD onset associates with significantly higher NRM; 74% vs 12% (p<0.001), and inferior OS; 24% vs 78% (p<0.001). In this retrospective analysis we demonstratethat early CD4+ IR, a simple and robust markerpredictive of outcomes after HCT,associates with survival after moderate to severe aGvHD.These associations need to be confirmed in a prospective manner but suggest that strategies to improve T-cell recovery after HCT may influence survival in patients developing aGvHD.
Traditional weight-based dosing results in variable rabbit anti-thymocyte-globulin (rATG) clearance that can delay CD4+ T-cell immune reconstitution (CD4+IR) leading to higher mortality. In a retrospective, pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic analysis of patients undergoing their first CD34+ T-cell depleted (TCD) Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) after myeloablative conditioning with rATG, we estimated post-HCT rATG exposure as area-under-the-curve (AUC;AU*d/L) using a validated population-PK model. We related rATG exposure to non-relapse mortality (NRM), CD4+IR (CD4+ ≥50/µL at 2 consecutive measures within 100 days after HCT), overall survival, relapse, and acute-graft versus host disease (GVHD) to define an optimal rATG-exposure. Cox-proportional hazard models, and multi-state competing risk models were used. 554 patients were included (age 0.1-73 years). Median post-HCT rATG exposure was 47AU*d/L (range 0-101). Low post-HCT AUC (<30AU*d/L) was associated with lower risk of NRM (p<0.01) and higher probability of achieving CD4+IR (p<0.001). Patients who attained CD4+IR had a 7-fold lower 5-year NRM (p<0.0001). Probability of achieving CD4+IR was 2.5-fold and 3-fold higher in the <30AU*d/L-group, compared to 30-55AU*d/L and ≥55AU*d/L-groups, respectively. In multivariable analyses, post-HCT rATG-exposure ≥55AU*d/L was associated with an increased risk of NRM (HR 3.42,95%CI 1.26-9.30). In the malignancy subgroup (n=515) a 10-fold and 7-fold increased NRM, was observed in the >55AU*d/L and 30-55AU*d/L groups, respectively, compared to <30AU*d/L group. Post-HCT rATG exposure ≥55AU*d/L was associated with higher risk of acute GVHD (HR 2.28,95%CI 1.01-5.16). High post-HCT rATG-exposure is associated with higher NRM secondary to poor CD4+IR after TCD-HCT. Using personalized PK-directed rATG dosing to achieve optimal exposure may improve survival after HCT.
PURPOSE Childhood brain tumor survivors (CBTS) are at risk for developing obesity, which negatively influences cardiometabolic health. The prevalence of obesity in CBTS may have been overestimated in previous cohorts because of inclusion of children with craniopharyngioma. On the contrary, the degree of weight gain may have been underestimated because of exclusion of CBTS who experienced weight gain, but were neither overweight nor obese. Weight gain may be an indicator of underlying hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) dysfunction. We aimed to study prevalence of and risk factors for significant weight gain, overweight, or obesity, and its association with HP dysfunction in a national cohort of noncraniopharyngioma and nonpituitary CBTS. METHODS Prevalence of and risk factors for significant weight gain (body mass index [BMI] change ≥ +2.0 standard deviation score [SDS]), overweight, or obesity at follow-up, and its association with HP dysfunction were studied in a nationwide cohort of CBTS, diagnosed in a 10-year period (2002-2012), excluding all craniopharyngioma and pituitary tumors. RESULTS Of 661 CBTS, with a median age at follow-up of 7.3 years, 33.1% had significant weight gain, overweight, or obesity. Of the CBTS between 4 and 20 years of age, 28.7% were overweight or obese, compared with 13.2% of the general population between 4 and 20 years of age. BMI SDS at diagnosis, diagnosis of low-grade glioma, diabetes insipidus, and central precocious puberty were associated with weight gain, overweight, or obesity. The prevalence of HP dysfunction was higher in overweight and obese CTBS compared with normal-weight CBTS. CONCLUSION Overweight, obesity, and significant weight gain are prevalent in CBTS. An increase in BMI during follow-up may be a reflection of HP dysfunction, necessitating more intense endocrine surveillance.
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